Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 Apr;28(4):371-381. doi: 10.1017/S1355617721000576. Epub 2021 May 17.
The presence of excessive mirror overflow in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is discussed in numerous published reports. These reports, however, include a limited age range in their samples. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of diagnosis and sex on mirror overflow and standard deviation (SD) of tap time in children with and without ADHD across a larger age range (5-12 years) of children.
One-hundred and forty-eight children with ADHD and 112 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children completed a finger sequencing task. Mirror overflow, SD of tap time, and mean tap time were measured using finger twitch transducers.
Results reveal a significant diagnostic effect on mirror overflow such that boys and girls with ADHD demonstrate increased overflow compared to same-sex TD children. Boys with ADHD demonstrated more variable tap times compared to TD boys; no diagnostic effect was observed in the girls.
Boys with ADHD exhibit anomalous motor variability; girls with ADHD show similar levels of variability as TD girls. Boys and girls with ADHD exhibit similar levels of excessive mirror overflow. This lack of sex differences on mirror overflow is distinct from reports finding sex effects on overflow and could result from an examination of a broader age range than is included in prior reports. Adolescent data would provide a greater understanding of the trajectory of anomalous mirror overflow across development. Examination of functional and structural connectivity would expand the current understanding of the neurobiological foundation of motor overflow.
在大量已发表的报告中讨论了注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童存在过度镜像溢出的现象。然而，这些报告的样本只包括了有限的年龄范围。本研究的目的是在更大的年龄范围（5-12 岁）内，检查诊断和性别对 ADHD 儿童和非 ADHD 儿童的镜像溢出和敲击时间标准差（SD）的影响。
148 名 ADHD 儿童和 112 名年龄和性别匹配的正常发育（TD）儿童完成了手指排序任务。使用手指抽搐换能器测量镜像溢出、敲击时间 SD 和平均敲击时间。
结果显示，诊断对镜像溢出有显著影响，即 ADHD 男孩和女孩的溢出量比同性别 TD 儿童多。ADHD 男孩的敲击时间变化较大，而 TD 男孩则没有观察到诊断效果；在女孩中则没有观察到诊断效果。
ADHD 男孩表现出异常的运动变异性；ADHD 女孩表现出与 TD 女孩相似的变异性。ADHD 男孩和女孩表现出相似程度的过度镜像溢出。这种在镜像溢出上缺乏性别差异与报告中发现的溢出性别效应不同，可能是因为检查了比之前报告中更广泛的年龄范围。青少年数据将更深入地了解异常镜像溢出在整个发育过程中的轨迹。对功能和结构连接的检查将扩展对运动溢出神经生物学基础的现有理解。
