Mutual effects of crude oil and plants in contaminated soil: a field study.

The effect of oil contamination on growth of mono- and dicotyledonous plants (clover and ryegrass), on the one hand, and the effect of plants on oil biodegradation in soil, on the other hand, were studied in a long-term field experiment. It was found that plants respond differently to oil contamination of soddy-podzolic soil. Clover was more resistant to oil than ryegrass. Biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) was not disturbed in clover, and the plant yield was fully restored by the end of the third growing season. The content of oxidative enzymes in clover leaves was 2-10 times higher than in ryegrass. Biological activity of soil planted with clover was 1.5-2 times higher correlating with the biochemical parameters of plants. Higher basal respiration in soil planted with clover corresponded to the enhanced oil biodegradation. The differences in the carbon of oil products between soils planted with clover and ryegrass appeared at the end of the third growing season at high doses of oil (5 and 10 L m).