School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
School of Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
Memory. 2021 May;29(5):662-674. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1931695. Epub 2021 May 24.
The Age of Acquisition (AoA) effect results in early-acquired words being processed more quickly and accurately than later-acquired words. This effect is argued to result from a gradual development of semantic representations and a changing neural network throughout development (Chang, Y.-N., Monaghan, P., & Welbourne, S., 2019). Some forms of the Recognition Without Identification (RWI) effects have been observed at a perceptual level. The present study used the RWI paradigm to examine whether the AoA effect is located at the perceptual loci. A total of 174 participants were presented a list of pictures (Experiment 1) or words (Experiment 2) followed by a list of mixed early- and late-acquired picture or word fragments that participants had to identify; half of which corresponded to studied words and half of which to unstudied words. Irrespective of whether the item was identified, participants then rated the likelihood that the item appeared in the study phase. In both experiments, results showed that studied items were recognised more accurately than unstudied items, even when they could not be identified and late-acquired items were recognised more than early-acquired items, even when they were not identified. Finally, RWI interacted with the AoA effect only in pictorial stimuli, suggesting that the RWI and AoA effects are located at the perceptual level.
获得年龄（AoA）效应导致早期获得的单词比后期获得的单词处理得更快、更准确。这种效应被认为是由于语义表示的逐渐发展和整个发展过程中神经网络的变化（Chang，Y.-N.，Monaghan，P.，& Welbourne，S.，2019）。在知觉水平上已经观察到了某些形式的无识别识别（RWI）效应。本研究使用 RWI 范式来检验 AoA 效应是否位于知觉位置。共有 174 名参与者呈现了一系列图片（实验 1）或单词（实验 2），然后呈现了一系列早期和晚期习得的图片或单词片段的混合列表，参与者必须识别；其中一半对应于学习过的单词，另一半对应于未学习过的单词。无论项目是否被识别，参与者随后都会对项目出现在学习阶段的可能性进行评分。在这两个实验中，结果表明，即使无法识别，学习过的项目也比未学习过的项目识别得更准确，即使无法识别，后期习得的项目也比早期习得的项目识别得更准确。最后，RWI 仅在图像刺激中与 AoA 效应相互作用，这表明 RWI 和 AoA 效应位于知觉水平。
