Life and living beings under the perspective of organic macrocodes.

A powerful and concise concept of life is crucial for studies aiming to understand the characteristics that emerged from an inorganic world. Among biologists, the most accepted argument define life under a top-down strategy by looking into the shared characteristics observed in all cellular organisms. This is often made highlighting (i) autonomy and (ii) evolutionary capacity as fundamental characteristics observed in all cellular organisms. Along the present work, we assume the framework of code biology considering that biology started with the emergence of the first organic code by self-organization. We reinforces that the conceptual structure of life should be reallocated from the ontology class of Matter to its sister class of Process. Along the emergence and early evolution of biological systems, biological codes changed from open systems of "naked" molecules (at the progenote era), to close, encapsulated systems (at the organismic era). Living beings appeared at the very moment when nucleic acids with coding properties became encapsulated. This led to the origin of viruses and, then, to the origin of cells. In this context, we propose that the single character that makes a clear distinction between the abiotic and the biotic world is the capacity to process organic codes. Thus, life appears with the self-assembly of a genetic code and evolves by the emergence of other overlapping codes. Once life has been clearly conceptualized, we go further to conceptualize organisms, parents, lineages, and species in terms of code biology.