Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea.
Center of Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2021 May 18;16:3357-3383. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S310357. eCollection 2021.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-limited vesicles and multi-signal messengers loaded with biomolecules. Exosomes and ectosomes are two different types of EVs generated by all cell types. Their formation depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. Further, EV release is a fundamental process required for intercellular communication in both normal physiology and pathological conditions to transmit/exchange bioactive molecules to recipient cells and the extracellular environment. The unique structure and composition of EVs enable them to serve as natural nanocarriers, and their physicochemical properties and biological functions can be used to develop next-generation nano and precision medicine. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EVs biology and membrane trafficking is essential for their clinical applications. However, in this rapidly expanding field, much remains unknown regarding EV origin, biogenesis, cargo sorting, and secretion, as well as EV-based theranostic platform generation. Hence, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in biogenesis, membrane trafficking, and functions of EVs, highlighting the impact of nanoparticles and oxidative stress on EVs biogenesis and release and finally emphasizing the role of EVs as nanotherapeutic agents.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是一类异质性的膜限制囊泡和多信号信使，其中装载着生物分子。外泌体和胞外体是所有细胞类型产生的两种不同类型的 EV。它们的形成取决于内体膜中用于外泌体的局部微区和质膜中用于胞外体的局部微区。此外，EV 的释放是细胞间通讯的基本过程，无论是在正常生理还是病理条件下，都需要将生物活性分子传递/交换到受体细胞和细胞外环境中。EV 的独特结构和组成使它们能够作为天然纳米载体，其理化性质和生物学功能可用于开发下一代纳米和精准医学。了解控制 EV 生物学和膜运输的细胞过程对于其临床应用至关重要。然而，在这个快速发展的领域中，关于 EV 的起源、生物发生、货物分拣和分泌，以及基于 EV 的治疗诊断平台的生成，仍有许多未知之处。因此，我们全面概述了 EV 生物发生、膜运输和功能的最新进展，强调了纳米颗粒和氧化应激对 EV 生物发生和释放的影响，并最终强调了 EV 作为纳米治疗剂的作用。
