Leveraging Stress Response Mechanisms for Industrial Applications.

Members of the genus are metabolically versatile and capable of adapting to a wide variety of environments. Stress physiology of strains has been extensively studied because of their biotechnological potential in agriculture as well as their medical importance with regards to pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. This versatility and scientific relevance led to a substantial amount of information regarding the stress response of a diverse set of species such as , , , , and . In this review, environmental and industrial stressors including desiccation, heat, and cold stress, are cataloged along with their corresponding mechanisms of survival in . Mechanisms of survival are grouped by the type of inducing stress with a focus on adaptations such as synthesis of protective substances, biofilm formation, entering a non-culturable state, enlisting chaperones, transcription and translation regulation, and altering membrane composition. The strategies strains utilize for survival can be leveraged during the development of beneficial strains to increase viability and product efficacy.