Eime R, Charity M, Foley B C, Fowlie J, Reece L J
School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia.
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia.
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2021 May 28;13(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00290-4.
Throughout the ecosystem of sport, women have been and continue to be underrepresented at all levels compared to men. The capacity of community-level sport is heavily reliant on the many non-player roles including governance, as well as administration, coaching and officiating. Recently there has been increased attention to improving the gender balance in sport. The aim of this study is to investigate the proportions of women engaged in non-playing roles in sport (2016-2018).
This study involved secondary analysis of the AusPlay survey, a national population survey, funded by Sport Australia. This study utilised data from people aged 15-years or older about their involvement in non-playing roles in sport, and their demographic data. Survey respondents were asked "During the last 12 months, have you been involved with any sports in a nonplaying role, such as official, coach, referee, administrator, etc?" Analysis of non-player role responses focussed specifically on the top four non-player role categories; coach, official, administrator and manager. Frequency analysis concentrated on the distribution of men and women involvement in a non-player capacity for the three years, with detailed analysis of the most recent year (2018).
In this study of 61,578 Australians there was a higher proportion of men in non-player roles in sport compared to women, across each of the three years (2018: men 55 %, women 46 %). Involvement of women in coaching increased significantly from 38 % to 2016 to 44 % in 2018 (p < 0.001). The proportion of women involved in administration roles significantly decreased from a peak of 51 % in 2017 to 46 % in 2018 (p < 0.001).
Aligned with strategic policy and investment strategies, there are gradual increased representation of women in non-playing sport, coaching roles. Women are still underrepresented in terms of coaches, officials and administrators, but are more likely to be managers. It is recommended that there is continued mentoring, identification and emphasising of female role models, and further strategies to increase female presence in non-playing roles. We recommend that future research, in line with appropriate gender and cultural-change theories, investigates and discusses the progress of gender equality throughout playing and non-playing role in sport.
在整个体育生态系统中，与男性相比，女性在各级别中的代表性一直不足且仍未得到充分体现。社区层面的体育活动能力在很大程度上依赖于许多非运动员角色，包括治理以及行政管理、教练和裁判工作。最近，人们越来越关注改善体育领域的性别平衡。本研究的目的是调查参与体育非运动员角色的女性比例（2016 - 2018年）。
本研究涉及对澳大利亚体育委员会资助的全国性人口调查AusPlay调查进行二次分析。本研究利用了15岁及以上人群关于其参与体育非运动员角色的情况以及他们的人口统计数据。调查对象被问及“在过去12个月里，你是否以非运动员角色参与过任何体育活动，例如官员、教练、裁判、管理人员等？”对非运动员角色回答的分析特别集中在四大非运动员角色类别上；教练、官员、管理人员和经理。频率分析集中在三年中男性和女性以非运动员身份参与的分布情况，并对最近一年（2018年）进行详细分析。
在这项对61,578名澳大利亚人的研究中，在这三年中的每一年，参与体育非运动员角色的男性比例都高于女性（2018年：男性55%，女性46%）。女性参与教练工作的比例从2016年的38%显著增加到2018年的44%（p < 0.001）。参与行政管理角色的女性比例从2017年的峰值51%显著下降到2018年的46%（p < 0.001）。
与战略政策和投资策略一致，女性在非运动员体育、教练角色中的代表性逐渐增加。在教练、官员和管理人员方面，女性的代表性仍然不足，但更有可能担任经理。建议持续进行指导、识别和强调女性榜样，并采取进一步策略增加女性在非运动员角色中的占比。我们建议未来的研究根据适当的性别和文化变革理论，调查和讨论体育活动中运动员和非运动员角色的性别平等进展情况。
