Venkatachalam Shobi, McFarland Taylor R, Agarwal Neeraj, Swami Umang
Department of Internal Medicine, Nazareth Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19152, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
Cancers (Basel). 2021 May 2;13(9):2187. doi: 10.3390/cancers13092187.
Metastatic prostate cancer is a lethal disease with limited treatment options. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have dramatically changed the treatment landscape of multiple cancer types but have met with limited success in prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the preclinical studies providing the rationale for the use of immunotherapy in prostate cancer and underlying biological barriers inhibiting their activity. We discuss the predictors of response to immunotherapy in prostate cancer. We summarize studies evaluating immune checkpoint inhibitors either as a single agent or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors or with other agents such as inhibitors of androgen axis, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), radium-223, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, tumor vaccines, chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. We thereafter review future directions including the combination of immune checkpoint blockade with inhibitors of adenosine axis, bispecific T cell engagers, PSMA directed therapies, adoptive T-cell therapy, and multiple other miscellaneous agents.
转移性前列腺癌是一种治疗选择有限的致命疾病。免疫检查点抑制剂极大地改变了多种癌症类型的治疗格局，但在前列腺癌中的治疗效果有限。在本综述中，我们讨论了临床前研究，这些研究为免疫疗法在前列腺癌中的应用提供了理论依据，以及抑制其活性的潜在生物学障碍。我们讨论了前列腺癌对免疫疗法反应的预测因素。我们总结了评估免疫检查点抑制剂作为单一药物或与其他检查点抑制剂或与其他药物（如雄激素轴抑制剂、聚 ADP-核糖聚合酶 (PARP)、镭-223、放疗、冷冻疗法、肿瘤疫苗、化疗、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子）联合使用的研究。此后，我们回顾了未来的发展方向，包括免疫检查点阻断与腺苷轴抑制剂、双特异性 T 细胞衔接器、PSMA 导向疗法、过继性 T 细胞疗法以及多种其他杂项药物的联合应用。
