Diversity and natural selection of Merozoite surface Protein-1 in three species of human malaria parasites: Contribution from South-East Asian isolates.

The present study aimed to examine the genetic diversity of human malaria parasites (i.e., P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. knowlesi) in Malaysia and southern Thailand targeting the 19-kDa C-terminal region of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (MSP-1). This region is essential for the recognition and invasion of erythrocytes and it is considered one of the leading candidates for asexual blood stage vaccines. However, the genetic data of MSP-1 among human malaria parasites in Malaysia is limited and there is also a need to update the current sequence diversity of this gene region among the Thailand isolates. In this study, genomic DNA was extracted from 384 microscopy-positive blood samples collected from patients who attended the hospitals or clinics in Malaysia and malaria clinics in Thailand from the year 2008 to 2016. The MSP-1 was amplified using PCR followed by bidirectional sequencing. DNA sequences identified in the present study were subjected to Median-joining network analysis with sequences of MSP-1 obtained from GenBank. DNA sequence analysis revealed that PfMSP-1 of Malaysian and Thailand isolates was not genetically conserved as high number of haplotypes were detected and positive selection was prevalent in PfMSP-1, hence questioning its suitability to be used as a vaccine candidate. A novel haplotype (Q/TNG/L) was also detected in Thailand P. falciparum isolate. In contrast, PvMSP-1 was highly conserved, however for the first time, a non-synonymous substitution (A1657S) was reported among Malaysian isolates. As for PkMSP-1, the presence of purifying selection and low nucleotide diversity indicated that it might be a potential vaccine target for P. knowlesi.