Cruz Silvia L, Bowen Scott E
Department of Pharmacobiology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, México City 14330, México.
Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave., Suite 7906.1, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2021 Sep-Oct;87:106999. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106999. Epub 2021 Jun 2.
This paper reviews the scientific evidence generated in the last two decades on the effects and mechanisms of action of most commonly misused inhalants. In the first section, we define what inhalants are, how they are used, and their prevalence worldwide. The second section presents specific characteristics that define the main groups of inhalants: (a) organic solvents; (b) aerosols, gases, and volatile anesthetics; and (c) alkyl nitrites. We include a table with the molecular formula, structure, synonyms, uses, physicochemical properties and exposure limits of representative compounds within each group. The third and fourth sections review the direct acute and chronic effects of common inhalants on health and behavior with a summary of mechanisms of action, respectively. In the fifth section, we address inhalant intoxication signs and available treatment. The sixth section examines the health effects, intoxication, and treatment of nitrites. The seventh section reviews current intervention strategies. Finally, we propose a research agenda to promote the study of (a) solvents other than toluene; (b) inhalant mixtures; (c) effects in combination with other drugs of abuse; (d) age and (e) sex differences in inhalant effects; (f) the long-lasting behavioral effects of animals exposed in utero to inhalants; (g) abstinence signs and neurochemical changes after interrupting inhalant exposure; (h) brain networks involved in inhalant effects; and finally (i) strategies to promote recovery of inhalant users.
本文回顾了过去二十年中关于最常被滥用的吸入剂的作用效果及作用机制的科学证据。在第一部分，我们定义了什么是吸入剂、它们是如何被使用的以及在全球范围内的流行程度。第二部分介绍了定义主要吸入剂类别的具体特征：(a)有机溶剂；(b)气雾剂、气体和挥发性麻醉剂；以及(c)亚硝酸烷基酯。我们列出了一个表格，其中包含每组中代表性化合物的分子式、结构、同义词、用途、物理化学性质和接触限值。第三和第四部分分别回顾了常见吸入剂对健康和行为的直接急性和慢性影响，并总结了作用机制。在第五部分，我们阐述了吸入剂中毒的症状及可用的治疗方法。第六部分研究了亚硝酸酯的健康影响、中毒情况及治疗方法。第七部分回顾了当前的干预策略。最后，我们提出了一个研究议程，以推动对以下方面的研究：(a)除甲苯以外的溶剂；(b)吸入剂混合物；(c)与其他滥用药物联合使用的影响；(d)年龄以及(e)性别在吸入剂影响方面的差异；(f)子宫内接触吸入剂的动物的长期行为影响；(g)停止接触吸入剂后的戒断症状和神经化学变化；(h)涉及吸入剂影响的脑网络；最后是(i)促进吸入剂使用者康复的策略。
