Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Front Immunol. 2021 May 19;12:676181. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676181. eCollection 2021.
Immune checkpoints (ICs) have pivotal roles in regulating immune responses. The inhibitory ICs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been implicated in the immune evasion of tumoral cells. Therefore, identifying and targeting these inhibitory ICs might be critical for eliminating tumoral cells. V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a novel inhibitory IC that is expressed on myeloid cells, lymphoid cells, and tumoral cells; therefore, VISTA can substantially regulate innate and adaptive anti-tumoral immune responses. Besides, growing evidence indicates that VISTA blockade can enhance the sensitivity of tumoral cells to conventional IC-based immunotherapy, e.g., cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors. In this regard, the current study aimed to review the current evidence about the structure and expression pattern of VISTA, its role in TME, the clinicopathological significance of VISTA, and its prognostic values in various cancers. Besides, this review intended to collect the lessons from the recent pre-clinical and clinical studies and propose a strategy to overcome tumor immune-resistance states.
免疫检查点（ICs）在调节免疫反应中起着关键作用。肿瘤微环境（TME）中的抑制性 ICs 被认为与肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸有关。因此，识别和靶向这些抑制性 ICs可能对消除肿瘤细胞至关重要。V 结构域免疫球蛋白抑制 T 细胞活化（VISTA）是一种新型的抑制性 IC，表达于髓系细胞、淋巴样细胞和肿瘤细胞上；因此，VISTA 可以显著调节先天和适应性抗肿瘤免疫反应。此外，越来越多的证据表明，VISTA 阻断可以提高肿瘤细胞对常规基于 IC 的免疫治疗的敏感性，例如细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞抗原 4（CTLA-4）抑制剂。在这方面，本研究旨在综述 VISTA 的结构和表达模式、在 TME 中的作用、VISTA 的临床病理意义及其在各种癌症中的预后价值方面的最新证据。此外，本综述还旨在从最近的临床前和临床研究中吸取经验教训，并提出克服肿瘤免疫抵抗状态的策略。
