Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Nutr Res. 2021 Jul;91:81-94. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.05.001. Epub 2021 May 21.
Eating outside the three main meals - in other words, snacking - is a part of the dietary pattern of individuals in all stages of life. The quality and pattern of snacking have an impact on health during the life span. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate various patterns and health outcomes of the snacking habits of different demographical groups, from children to the elderly, throughout their life span. We discuss the snacking pattern among children and adolescents, which is characterized by consuming high energy foods with low nutrient value, and which is associated with increased risk of obesity. During university years, study stress and lack of time were obstacles to a healthy dietary pattern involving nutritious snacks, although awareness of the importance of healthy snacks was higher in this group than among younger age groups. Employment status and skipping regular meals were important factors affecting snacking quality and patterns in adulthood. Unhealthy snacks, high in energy, sugar, and salt and low in nutrients, were demonstrated to have a negative impact on individuals' health, such as oral health, blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. In conclusion, encouraging individuals to consume healthy snacks that are high in nutrients through education to help them plan for their snacks is important to enhance health and reduce disease risk.
三餐之外的进食——换句话说,吃零食——是各个年龄段人群饮食模式的一部分。零食的质量和模式会影响整个生命周期的健康。因此,本综述旨在评估不同人群(从儿童到老年人)在整个生命周期中的零食习惯的各种模式和健康结果。我们讨论了儿童和青少年的零食模式,其特点是食用高能量、低营养价值的食物,这与肥胖风险增加有关。在大学期间,学习压力和缺乏时间是阻碍健康饮食模式和营养零食的障碍,尽管这一年龄组比年轻群体更意识到健康零食的重要性。就业状况和不规律进食是影响成年人零食质量和模式的重要因素。高能量、高糖、高盐和低营养的不健康零食被证明会对个体健康产生负面影响,例如口腔健康、血压、肥胖和糖尿病。总之,通过教育鼓励个人食用营养丰富的健康零食,帮助他们规划零食,对于增强健康和降低疾病风险非常重要。