Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France.
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé publique, Route de Lennik 808 - CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018 Mar 15;15(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s12966-018-0655-7.
Few studies have specifically focused on demographic and socio-economic characteristics associated with snacking in adults, whereas their identification could be useful for defining effective public health measures. The aim of our study was to assess the associations of these factors with daily snacking behavior and its dietary quality.
This cross-sectional study included 84,692 women and 23,491 men from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Occurrence of snacking, energy intake from snacks, snack nutrient, and energy densities were assessed using 24-h dietary records of weekdays at baseline. Associations between socio-economic and demographic factors (age, presence of children in the household, education, income, occupation), and snacking behavior were examined using multivariable logistic regression and analysis of covariance, stratified by sex and adjusted for total daily energy intake.
Older individuals were more likely to snack during the day in both sexes while individuals with primary education (OR = 0.79 (0.71;0.87) in women; OR = 0.71 (0.60;0.83) in men), female employees (OR = 0.94 (0.89;0.99), and self-employed women were less likely to snack during the day. Older individuals, in particular middle-aged subjects, had higher snack nutrient density, and lower energy intake and density from snacks compared with younger adults. Presence of a child in the household was associated with higher energy density, lower nutrient density (in women), and lower energy intake from snacks (in men), compared with those who lived without a child in household. In low income individuals and manual workers, snacks had lower nutrient density and higher energy content than in higher socioeconomic categories. At last, energy intake from daily snacking occasions was higher in women with low education level.
Although snacking was less prevalent in low socioeconomic categories and young adults, their snacks had higher energy content and were of poorer nutrient density. Such findings provide useful information on mechanisms of social disparities in dietary behavior.
This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm No0000388FWA00005831) and the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés No.908450 and No.909216). Clinical Trial no. NCT03335644.
很少有研究专门关注与成年人吃零食相关的人口统计学和社会经济特征，而这些特征的确定对于制定有效的公共卫生措施可能很有用。我们的研究旨在评估这些因素与日常吃零食行为及其饮食质量的关联。
本横断面研究纳入了 NutriNet-Santé 队列研究中的 84692 名女性和 23491 名男性。在基线时，通过工作日 24 小时膳食记录评估吃零食的频率、零食的能量摄入、零食的营养和能量密度。使用多变量逻辑回归和协方差分析，按性别分层，并根据总日能量摄入进行调整，研究社会经济和人口统计学因素（年龄、家中是否有孩子、教育程度、收入、职业）与吃零食行为之间的关联。
在两性中，年龄较大的个体白天更有可能吃零食，而接受小学教育的个体（女性 OR=0.79（0.71；0.87）；男性 OR=0.71（0.60；0.83））、女性雇员（OR=0.94（0.89；0.99））和自营职业的女性白天吃零食的可能性较小。与年轻成年人相比，年龄较大的个体，尤其是中年个体，零食的营养密度更高，而零食的能量摄入和密度较低。与家中没有孩子的个体相比，家中有孩子的个体零食的能量密度较高，营养密度较低（女性），零食的能量摄入也较低（男性）。在低收入个体和体力劳动者中，零食的营养密度较低，能量含量较高，而在社会经济地位较高的个体中则相反。最后，教育程度较低的女性每天从零食中摄入的能量较多。
尽管在社会经济地位较低的群体和年轻成年人中，吃零食的情况较少，但他们的零食能量含量较高，营养密度较低。这些发现为社会差异在饮食行为中的作用机制提供了有用的信息。
本研究是根据赫尔辛基宣言的规定进行的。所有程序均获得法国健康与医学研究机构伦理委员会（IRB Inserm No0000388FWA00005831）和法国数据保护局（Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés No.908450 和 No.909216）的批准。临床试验编号 NCT03335644。
