Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, RJ, Brazil.
Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 316, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
Prev Vet Med. 2021 Aug;193:105413. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105413. Epub 2021 Jun 16.
In view of growing concerns, in a One Health context, regarding the transport and dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms among seabirds and other vertebrate animals, including humans, the aim of this study was to identify Salmonella spp. in stranded and non-stranded resident and migratory wild seabirds from the Brazilian coast. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular profiles, quinolone resistance genes and antigenic characterization of the isolates were also carried out. Fresh faeces and cloacal swabs were obtained totaling 122 seabirds sampled throughout different Brazilian coast regions. At the laboratory, sample culturing, Salmonella spp. isolation and biochemical identification were performed, followed by antigenic profile identification by serum agglutination, susceptibility profile characterization by the agar disc diffusion technique, detection of quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS) using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique (multiplex PCR) and, finally, isolates profiles identification by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was identified in 7% of the studied birds, comprising three different serovars: Panama (63 %), Typhimurium (25 %) and Newport (13 %). The most important findings reported herein are the first description of Salmonella panama in seabirds and the totality of isolates being resistant (or intermediate) to at least one tested antimicrobial, with emphasis on quinolone resistance. The molecular results suggest that the observed resistance cannot be explained by the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. The PFGE suggests that the Panama and Newport profiles detected herein are not yet widespread in Brazil, unlike Typhimurium, which is already well distributed throughout the country. Considering this finding, we suggest that seabirds are an important link in the epidemiological chain of this serovar. The monitoring of these bacteria in seabirds, as well as of their susceptibility profiles to antimicrobials, must be continuous, strengthening the role of these animals as environmental health indicators and sentinels.
鉴于人们对海鸟和其他脊椎动物（包括人类）之间致病性微生物传播的关注与日俱增，本研究旨在从巴西沿海地区鉴定滞留和非滞留的留鸟和候鸟野生海鸟中的沙门氏菌。还对分离株的药敏谱和分子特征、喹诺酮耐药基因和抗原特征进行了分析。共采集了 122 只不同巴西沿海地区的海鸟新鲜粪便和泄殖腔拭子。在实验室中，进行了样本培养、沙门氏菌分离和生化鉴定，随后通过血清凝集进行抗原图谱鉴定，琼脂扩散技术进行药敏谱特征描述，使用多重聚合酶链反应技术（multiplex PCR）检测喹诺酮耐药基因（qnrA、qnrB、qnrS），最后通过脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）进行分离株图谱鉴定。在研究的鸟类中，有 7%鉴定出肠沙门氏菌亚种肠亚种，包括三个不同的血清型：巴拿马（63%）、肠炎沙门氏菌（25%）和纽波特（13%）。本文最重要的发现是首次在海鸟中发现沙门氏菌巴拿马和所有分离株对至少一种测试的抗菌药物（或呈中介耐药）具有耐药性，尤其是对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性。分子结果表明，观察到的耐药性不能用质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因来解释。PFGE 表明，本文检测到的巴拿马和纽波特图谱在巴西尚未广泛传播，而肠炎沙门氏菌已在全国广泛传播。考虑到这一发现，我们认为海鸟是该血清型在流行病学链中的一个重要环节。必须对海鸟中的这些细菌及其对抗菌药物的药敏谱进行持续监测，以加强这些动物作为环境健康指标和哨兵的作用。
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