Modular cell-assembled adipose matrix-derived bead foams as a mesenchymal stromal cell delivery platform for soft tissue regeneration.

With the goal of establishing a new clinically-relevant bioscaffold format to enable the delivery of high densities of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) for applications in soft tissue regeneration, a novel "cell-assembly" method was developed to generate robust 3-D scaffolds comprised of fused networks of decellularized adipose tissue (DAT)-derived beads. In vitro studies confirmed that the assembly process was mediated by remodelling of the extracellular matrix by the seeded ASCs, which were well distributed throughout the scaffolds and remained highly viable after 8 days in culture. The ASC density, sulphated glycosaminoglycan content and scaffold stability were enhanced under culture conditions that included growth factor preconditioning. In vivo testing was performed to compare ASCs delivered within the cell-assembled DAT bead foams to an equivalent number of ASCs delivered on a previously-established pre-assembled DAT bead foam platform in a subcutaneous implant model in athymic nude mice. Scaffolds were fabricated with human ASCs engineered to stably co-express firefly luciferase and tdTomato to enable long-term cell tracking. Longitudinal bioluminescence imaging showed a significantly stronger signal associated with viable human ASCs at timepoints up to 7 days in the cell-assembled scaffolds, although both implant groups were found to retain similar densities of human ASCs at 28 days. Notably, the infiltration of CD31 murine endothelial cells was enhanced in the cell-assembled implants at 28 days. Moreover, microcomputed tomography angiography revealed that there was a marked reduction in vascular permeability in the cell-assembled group, indicating that the developing vascular network was more stable in the new scaffold format. Overall, the novel cell-assembled DAT bead foams represent a promising platform to harness the pro-regenerative paracrine functionality of human ASCs and warrant further investigation as a clinically-translational approach for volume augmentation.