Characterization of in Tunisia and Comparison with a Global Pathogen Population.

causes tan spot, an important foliar disease of wheat. A collection of . isolates from Tunisia, located in one of the main secondary centers of diversification of durum wheat, was tested for phenotypic race classification based on virulence on a host differential set and for the presence of the necrotrophic effector (NE) genes , , and by PCR analysis. While races 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were identified according to their virulence phenotypes, PCR testing indicated the presence of "atypical" isolates that induced necrosis on the wheat differential 'Glenlea,' but lacked the expected gene, suggesting the involvement of other NEs in the . /wheat interaction. Genetic diversity and the . population structure were explored further by examining 59 Tunisian isolates and 35 isolates from Algeria, Azerbaijan, Canada, Iran, and Syria using 24 simple sequence repeat markers. Average genetic diversity, overall gene flow, and percentage polymorphic loci were estimated as 0.58, 2.09, and 87%, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 81% of the genetic variance occurred within populations and 19% occurred between populations. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair group method indicated that isolates grouped together and were distantly related to isolates. Based on Nei's analysis, the global collection clustered into two distinct groups according to their region of origin. The results suggest that geographic origin and the host specificity imposed by different NEs can lead to differentiation among . populations.