State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jun 10;18(12):6266. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126266.
Large-scale vegetation restoration greatly changed the soil erosion environment in the Loess Plateau since the implementation of the "Grain for Green Project" (GGP) in 1999. Evaluating the effects of vegetation restoration on soil erosion is significant to local soil and water conservation and vegetation construction. Taking the Ansai Watershed as the case area, this study calculated the soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2015 under the initial and current scenarios of vegetation restoration, using the Chinese Soil Loess Equation (CSLE), based on rainfall and soil data, remote sensing images and socio-economic data. The effect of vegetation restoration on soil erosion was evaluated by comparing the average annual soil erosion modulus under two scenarios among 16 years. The results showed: (1) vegetation restoration significantly changed the local land use, characterized by the conversion of farmland to grassland, arboreal land, and shrub land. From 2000 to 2015, the area of arboreal land, shrub land, and grassland increased from 19.46 km, 19.43 km, and 719.49 km to 99.26 km, 75.97 km, and 1084.24 km; while the farmland area decreased from 547.90 km to 34.35 km; (2) the average annual soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2015 under the initial and current scenarios of vegetation restoration was 114.44 t/(hm²·a) and 78.42 t/(hm²·a), respectively, with an average annual reduction of 4.81 × 10 t of soil erosion amount thanks to the vegetation restoration; (3) the dominant soil erosion intensity changed from "severe and light erosion" to "moderate and light erosion", vegetation restoration greatly improved the soil erosion environment in the study area; (4) areas with increased erosion and decreased erosion were alternately distributed, accounting for 48% and 52% of the total land area, and mainly distributed in the northwest and southeast of the watershed, respectively. Irrational land use changes in local areas (such as the conversion of farmland and grassland into construction land, etc.) and the ineffective implementation of vegetation restoration are the main reasons leading to the existence of areas with increased erosion.
大规模的植被恢复极大地改变了黄土高原的土壤侵蚀环境，这是自 1999 年实施“退耕还林工程”（GGP）以来的结果。评估植被恢复对土壤侵蚀的影响对当地的水土保持和植被建设具有重要意义。以安塞流域为例，本研究基于降雨、土壤数据、遥感图像和社会经济数据，利用中国土壤侵蚀方程（CSLE），计算了 2000 年至 2015 年植被恢复初始和当前情景下的土壤侵蚀模数。通过比较 16 年中两种情景下的平均年土壤侵蚀模数，评估了植被恢复对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：（1）植被恢复显著改变了当地的土地利用方式，表现为耕地向草地、林地和灌木地的转化。从 2000 年到 2015 年，林地、灌木地和草地的面积分别从 19.46 公里、19.43 公里和 719.49 公里增加到 99.26 公里、75.97 公里和 1084.24 公里，而耕地面积从 547.90 公里减少到 34.35 公里；（2）植被恢复初始和当前情景下 2000 年至 2015 年的平均年土壤侵蚀模数分别为 114.44 t/（hm²·a）和 78.42 t/（hm²·a），由于植被恢复，平均每年减少土壤侵蚀量 4.81×10 t；（3）主导土壤侵蚀强度由“严重和轻度侵蚀”变为“中度和轻度侵蚀”，植被恢复极大地改善了研究区的土壤侵蚀环境；（4）增加侵蚀和减少侵蚀的区域交替分布，占总面积的 48%和 52%，主要分布在流域的西北部和东南部。局部不合理的土地利用变化（如耕地和草地向建设用地的转化等）和植被恢复的无效实施是导致侵蚀增加区域存在的主要原因。
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