Laboratorio FIRP, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
Molecules. 2021 Jun 21;26(12):3771. doi: 10.3390/molecules26123771.
Soap applications for cleaning and personal care have been used for more than 4000 years, dating back to the pharaonic period, and have widely proliferated with the appearance of synthetic surfactants a century ago. Synthetic surfactants used to make macro-micro-nano-emulsions and foams are used in laundry and detergency, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, food conditioning, emulsified paints, explosives, enhanced oil recovery, wastewater treatment, etc. The introduction of a multivariable approach such as the normalized hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD ) and of specific structures, tailored with an intramolecular extension to increase solubilization (the so-called extended surfactants), makes it possible to improve the results and performance in surfactant-oil-water systems and their applications. This article aims to present an up-to-date overview of extended surfactants. We first present an introduction regarding physicochemical formulation and its relationship with performance. The second part deals with the importance of HLD to make a straightforward classification according to the type of surfactants and how formulation parameters can be used to understand the need for an extension of the molecule reach into the oil and water phases. Then, extended surfactant characteristics and strategies to increase performance are outlined. Finally, two specific applications, i.e., drilling fluids and crude oil dewatering, are described.
用于清洁和个人护理的肥皂应用已经使用了 4000 多年，可以追溯到法老时期，并且随着一个世纪前合成表面活性剂的出现而广泛普及。用于制造宏观-微观-纳米乳液和泡沫的合成表面活性剂用于洗衣和去污、化妆品和制药、食品调理、乳化涂料、炸药、提高石油采收率、废水处理等。引入多变量方法，如归一化亲水-亲脂偏差 (HLD) 和特定结构，通过分子内扩展来增加增溶（所谓的扩展表面活性剂），可以改善表面活性剂-油-水系统及其应用中的结果和性能。本文旨在对扩展表面活性剂进行最新概述。我们首先介绍了关于物理化学配方及其与性能的关系。第二部分讨论了 HLD 的重要性，以便根据表面活性剂的类型进行直接分类，以及如何使用配方参数来理解分子延伸到油相和水相的需要。然后，概述了扩展表面活性剂的特性和提高性能的策略。最后，描述了两个特定的应用，即钻井液和原油脱水。
