Orihuela Agustín, Mota-Rojas Daniel, Strappini Ana, Serrapica Francesco, Braghieri Ada, Mora-Medina Patricia, Napolitano Fabio
Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico.
Animals (Basel). 2021 Jun 30;11(7):1968. doi: 10.3390/ani11071968.
In buffaloes and other mammalian farm species, the mother provides food and protection to the young, but she is also the main source of behavioral and social learning for the offspring. It is important that mother and young establish a bond based on a learning mechanism defined as "imprinting" early after parturition during the sensitive period, on which the welfare and survival of the offspring will depend. This review aims to summarize and discuss current knowledge regarding the imprinting process, the neurobiological pathways that are triggered during this sensitive period, and the development of the cow-calf bond. Touch, hearing, vision, and smell seem to be the predominant senses involved during imprinting in buffaloes and other mammalian farm species. In buffalo, bonding is very particular due to the expression of specific behaviors, such as allo-suckling and communal rearing. In general, imprinting and the subsequent bond may be affected by the lack of experience of the mothers or dystocic parturitions, which occur most frequently with male calves and in primiparous dams. The main problems in the development of this process include lack of seeking a protected and isolated place to give birth; moving from the birth-site after parturition; insufficient postpartum care; aversion or aggressiveness towards the newborn, or abandonment of the newborn. The process can develop differently according to the species. However, the correct development of the cow-calf relationship represents, regardless of the species, a key factor for their fitness.
在水牛及其他养殖的哺乳动物物种中，母亲为幼崽提供食物和保护，但她也是后代行为和社交学习的主要来源。分娩后早期的敏感期内，母亲与幼崽基于一种被定义为“印记”的学习机制建立起联系，这一点很重要，因为后代的福利和生存将取决于此。这篇综述旨在总结和讨论关于印记过程、在此敏感期触发的神经生物学途径以及母牛 - 犊牛纽带发展的现有知识。在水牛及其他养殖的哺乳动物物种的印记过程中，触觉、听觉、视觉和嗅觉似乎是主要涉及的感官。在水牛中，由于特定行为的表现，如异亲哺乳和群体饲养，这种纽带关系非常特殊。一般来说，印记及随后的纽带关系可能会受到母亲缺乏经验或难产的影响，难产在雄性犊牛和初产母牛中最为常见。这个过程发展中的主要问题包括：缺乏寻找一个受保护的隔离场所分娩；产后离开出生地；产后护理不足；对新生儿的厌恶或攻击性，或者遗弃新生儿。根据物种不同，这个过程的发展可能会有所不同。然而，无论物种如何，母牛 - 犊牛关系的正确发展都是它们健康的关键因素。
