Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and.
University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
J Clin Invest. 2021 Aug 16;131(16). doi: 10.1172/JCI147268.
Macrophages deploy numerous strategies to combat invasion by microbes. One tactic is to restrict acquisition of diverse nutrients, including trace metals, a process termed nutritional immunity. Intracellular pathogens adapt to a resource-poor environment by marshaling mechanisms to harvest nutrients. Carbon acquisition is crucial for pathogen survival; compounds that reduce availability are a potential strategy to control intracellular replication. Treatment of macrophages with the glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) armed phagocytes to eliminate the intracellular fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum in vitro and in vivo. Killing did not rely on altering access to carbon-containing molecules or changes in ATP, ER stress, or autophagy. Unexpectedly, 2-DG undermined import of exogenous zinc into macrophages, decreasing the quantity of cytosolic and phagosomal zinc. The fungus perished as a result of zinc starvation. This change in metal ingress was not ascribed to a defect in a single importer; rather, there was a collective impairment in transporter activity. This effect promoted the antifungal machinery of macrophages and expanded the complexity of 2-DG activities far beyond manipulating glycolysis. Mechanistic metabolic studies employing 2-DG will have to consider its effect on zinc transport. Our preclinical data support consideration of this agent as a possible adjunctive therapy for histoplasmosis.
巨噬细胞采用多种策略来抵御微生物的入侵。一种策略是限制获取各种营养物质,包括痕量金属,这一过程被称为营养免疫。细胞内病原体通过调动机制来获取营养物质,从而适应资源匮乏的环境。碳的获取对于病原体的存活至关重要;减少其可用性的化合物是控制细胞内复制的潜在策略。用葡萄糖类似物 2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖(2-DG)处理巨噬细胞,可在体外和体内武装吞噬细胞以消除细胞内真菌病原体荚膜组织胞浆菌。杀伤并不依赖于改变对含碳分子的获取或改变 ATP、内质网应激或自噬。出乎意料的是,2-DG 破坏了外源性锌向巨噬细胞的内流,减少了细胞质和吞噬体锌的含量。真菌因缺锌而死亡。这种金属进入的变化不是归因于单个转运蛋白的缺陷;而是转运蛋白活性的集体损伤。这种效应促进了巨噬细胞的抗真菌机制,并使 2-DG 活性的复杂性远远超出了对糖酵解的操纵。使用 2-DG 的机制代谢研究将不得不考虑其对锌运输的影响。我们的临床前数据支持将该药物作为荚膜组织胞浆菌病的一种辅助治疗方法的考虑。
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