Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2021 Nov;74(11):1852-1872. doi: 10.1177/17470218211034130. Epub 2021 Jul 24.
There is a general agreement that speaking requires attention at least for conceptual and lexical processes of utterance production. However, conflicting results have been obtained with dual-task paradigms using either repetition tasks or more generally tasks involving limited loading of lexical selection. This study aimed to investigate whether post-lexical processes recruit attentional resources. We used a new dual-task paradigm in a set of experiments where a continuous verbal production task involved either high or low demand on lexical selection processes. Experiment 1 evaluates lexical and post-lexical processes with a semantic verbal fluency task, whereas Experiments 2 and 3 focus on post-lexical processes with a non-propositional speech task. In each experiment, two types of non-verbal secondary tasks were used: processing speed (simple manual reaction times) or inhibition (Go/No-go). In Experiment 1, a dual-task cost was observed on the semantic verbal fluency task and each non-verbal task. In Experiment 2, a dual-task cost appeared on the non-verbal tasks but not on the speech task. The same paradigm was used with older adults (Experiment 3), as increased effort in post-lexical processes has been associated with ageing. For older adults, a dual-task cost was also observed on the non-propositional verbal task when speech was produced with the inhibition non-verbal task. The results suggest an attentional cost on post-lexical processes and strategic effects in the resolution of the dual-task.
人们普遍认为，口语需要注意力，至少需要注意言语产生的概念和词汇过程。然而，使用重复任务或更一般地涉及词汇选择有限负荷的任务的双重任务范式得出了相互矛盾的结果。本研究旨在探讨词汇后过程是否需要注意力资源。我们在一系列实验中使用了一种新的双重任务范式，其中连续的言语产生任务涉及词汇选择过程的高或低需求。实验 1 使用语义言语流畅性任务评估词汇和词汇后过程，而实验 2 和 3 则使用非命题言语任务专注于词汇后过程。在每个实验中，使用了两种类型的非言语次要任务：加工速度（简单的手动反应时间）或抑制（Go/No-go）。在实验 1 中，在语义言语流畅性任务和每个非言语任务上都观察到双重任务成本。在实验 2 中，在非言语任务上出现了双重任务成本，但在言语任务上没有出现。同样的范式也用于老年人（实验 3），因为词汇后过程的努力增加与衰老有关。对于老年人，当使用抑制性非言语任务产生非命题言语任务时，也会在非命题言语任务上观察到双重任务成本。结果表明，词汇后过程存在注意力成本，并且在双重任务的解决中存在策略效应。
