Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; email:
Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2021 Jul 13;23:29-60. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-115833.
Photoactive agents are promising complements for both early diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. The dual combination of diagnostics and therapeutics is known as theranostics. Photoactive theranostic agents are activated by a specific wavelength of light and emit another wavelength, which can be detected for imaging tumors, used to generate reactive oxygen species for ablating tumors, or both. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines photosensitizer (PS) accumulation and site-directed light irradiation for simultaneous imaging diagnostics and spatially targeted therapy. Although utilized since the early 1900s, advances in the fields of cancer biology, materials science, and nanomedicine have expanded photoactive agents to modern medical treatments. In this review we summarize the origins of PDT and the subsequent generations of PSs and analyze seminal research contributions that have provided insight into rational PS design, such as photophysics, modes of cell death, tumor-targeting mechanisms, and light dosing regimens. We highlight optimizable parameters that, with further exploration, can expand clinical applications of photoactive agents to revolutionize cancer diagnostics and treatment.
光活性试剂是癌症早期诊断和靶向治疗的有前途的补充剂。诊断和治疗的双重结合被称为治疗学。光活性治疗剂通过特定波长的光激活，并发射另一个波长，可用于检测肿瘤成像，用于产生用于消融肿瘤的活性氧，或两者兼有。光动力疗法（PDT）结合了光敏剂（PS）的积累和靶向光照射，用于同时进行成像诊断和空间靶向治疗。尽管自 20 世纪初就已经使用，但癌症生物学、材料科学和纳米医学领域的进步已经将光活性试剂扩展到现代医学治疗中。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 PDT 的起源和随后几代 PS 的发展，并分析了为合理 PS 设计提供见解的开创性研究贡献，例如光物理、细胞死亡模式、肿瘤靶向机制和光剂量方案。我们强调了可优化的参数，如果进一步探索，可以将光活性试剂的临床应用扩展到癌症诊断和治疗的革命性发展。
