LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
Environ Int. 2021 Nov;156:106763. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106763. Epub 2021 Jul 16.
Air pollution is the leading cause of the global burden of disease from the environment, entailing substantial economic consequences. International shipping is a significant source of NO, SO, CO and PM, which can cause known negative health impacts. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the health impacts and the associated external costs of ship-related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula for 2015. Moreover, the impact of CAP2020 regulations on 2015 emissions was studied. Log-linear functions based on WHO-HRAPIE relative risks for PM and NO all-cause mortality and morbidity health end-points, and integrated exposure-response functions for PM cause-specific mortality, were used to calculate the excess burden of disease. The number of deaths and years of life lost (YLL) due to NO ship-related emissions was similar to those of PM ship-related emissions. Estimated all-cause premature deaths attributable to PM ship-related emissions represented an average increase of 7.7% for the Iberian Peninsula when compared to the scenario without shipping contribution. Costs of around 9 100 million € yr-1 (for value of statistical life approach - VSL) and 1 825 million € yr (for value of life year approach - VOLY) were estimated for PM and NO all-cause burden of disease. For PM cause-specific mortality, a cost of around 3 475 million € yr (for VSL approach) and 851 million € yr (for VOLY approach) were estimated. Costs due to PM and NO all-cause burden represented around 0.72% and 0.15% of the Iberian Peninsula gross domestic product in 2015, respectively for VSL and VOLY approaches. For PM cause-specific mortality, costs represented around 0.28% and 0.06%, respectively, for VSL and VOLY approaches. If CAP2020 regulations had been applied in 2015, around 50% and 30% respectively of PM and NO ship-related mortality would been avoided. These results show that air pollution from ships has a considerable impact on health and associated costs affecting the Iberian Peninsula.
空气污染是环境因素导致全球疾病负担的主要原因，造成了巨大的经济后果。国际航运是氮氧化物、硫氧化物、一氧化碳和细颗粒物的重要来源，这些污染物会对健康造成已知的负面影响。因此，本研究旨在估计 2015 年伊比利亚半岛船舶相关空气污染对健康的影响及其相关的外部成本。此外，还研究了 CAP2020 法规对 2015 年排放量的影响。基于世界卫生组织-HRAPIE 相对风险的对数线性函数，用于 PM 和 NO 全死因死亡率和发病率健康终点，以及用于 PM 特定死因死亡率的综合暴露-反应函数，用于计算疾病负担的超额部分。与船舶相关的 PM 排放相关的 NO 船舶相关排放导致的死亡人数和寿命损失年（YLL）与船舶相关的 PM 排放相似。与没有航运贡献的情况相比，归因于船舶相关 PM 排放的所有原因过早死亡估计值在伊比利亚半岛平均增加了 7.7%。估计 PM 和 NO 全死因负担的疾病的成本约为 91 亿欧元年（生命价值统计方法-VSL）和 1825 万欧元年（生命价值年方法-VOLY）。对于 PM 特定死因死亡率，估计成本约为 34.75 亿欧元年（VSL 方法）和 8510 万欧元年（VOLY 方法）。PM 和 NO 全死因负担造成的成本分别占 2015 年伊比利亚半岛国内生产总值的 0.72%和 0.15%，分别为 VSL 和 VOLY 方法。对于 PM 特定死因死亡率，成本分别占 VSL 和 VOLY 方法的 0.28%和 0.06%。如果 2015 年实施了 CAP2020 法规，船舶相关 PM 和 NO 死亡人数将分别减少约 50%和 30%。这些结果表明，船舶造成的空气污染对健康和相关成本有重大影响，影响到伊比利亚半岛。
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