Erythemal ultraviolet radiation exposure of high school rowers in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

Athletes who compete in outdoor sports can receive potentially harmful levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Rowing is a popular outdoor sport that takes place during the peak UVR season. Using electronic dosimeters attached to the shoulder strap of the rower's uniform, this study aimed to quantify the real-time solar UVR exposure experienced by high school rowers during competition. We measured personal UVR exposure (PE) during the time spent on the water in order to compete in a single rowing-race (race-time), when rowing administrators are responsible for athletes' wellbeing. Data collection took place in Aotearoa (New Zealand) at Lake Ruataniwha (44.28°S, 170.07°E), during two consecutive rowing seasons (December-February 2018-19 and 2019-20). Analysis of dosimeter data generated from 56 race-times over five regattas revealed a median personal UVR exposure (PE) of 1.15 standard erythemal dose (SED), where 1 SED is defined as an effective radiant exposure of 100 Jm. Mean race-time was 46 min. Over two-thirds of race-times (69.6%) exceeded the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency recommendation of 1 SED being considered safe for most people in a day. An exposure of 1.5-3.0 SED produces perceptible erythema for people with light coloured skin and the lower parameter of 1.5 SED was exceeded in 14 (25.0%) of the race-times. By regatta, the median SED/h ranged from 0.96-2.40 and the median percentage of total concurrent ambient UVR ranged from 17 to 31%. Our results indicate that rowing is a high UVR sport and that races outside of peak UVR times also warrant the use of sun protection even when the UVI < 3. Given that acute and cumulative UVR exposure are recognised risk factors in the development of ocular diseases and skin cancers later in life, risk management guidelines for competitive school rowing will be incomplete until a long-term approach to well-being is considered and comprehensive sun protection measures adopted.