Modifying thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes using various SiO nanoparticles for aquaculture wastewater recovery.

This paper describes the fabrication, modification, and evaluation of the performance of thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membranes for lab-scale aquaculture wastewater recovery using various fumed silica (SiO) nanoparticles. The active polyamide (PA) layers of these membranes were novelly modified using different types of pretreated SiO nanoparticles [virgin SiO, dried SiO, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified SiO] and concentrations (0.05, 0,1, 0,2, and 0.4 wt%) to improve the membrane hydrophilicity with minimum particle agglomeration. Results show that the APTES-SiO modified membrane had the highest water flux and selectivity, followed by the dried-SiO modified membrane. The APTES coupling agent notably reduced the SiO aggregation on the membrane surface and improved membrane hydrophilicity. Consequently, high permeate flux and an acceptable reverse solute flux were observed. The optimal SiO concentration for PA modification was 0.1 wt% for all the nanoparticle types. The virgin and APTES-SiO modified membranes were used for aquaculture wastewater recovery. The water recovery rate reached 47% in 84 h when using the APTES-SiO modified membrane, while it reached only 26% in 108 h when using the virgin membrane. With a suitable design of the filtration apparatus and choice of draw solution (DS), the prepared novel TFC-FO membrane containing APTES-modified SiO can be used for recycling aquaculture wastewater into the DS, which can then be reused for other purposes.