Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Adv Nutr. 2021 Dec 1;12(6):2068-2075. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab089.
This study explored the characteristics of plant-based beverages (PBBs) that are marketed as "milks" in the United States. First, machine searches of product names and ingredients in the USDA Branded Food Products Database (BFPDB) yielded 641 nondairy PBBs that included almond, soy, coconut, cashew, other tree nut, flax/hemp, pea, and quinoa and rice "milks." The products varied in energy density and the majority of PBBs contained added salt (69%) and added sugar (53%). Scores on nutrient density metrics [Nutri-Score, Choices, and the Nutrient Rich Food index 7.3 (NRF7.3)] were higher for almond and pea products and lower for coconut PBBs, which contained saturated fat. Ingredient lists were searched further for added flavors, stabilizers, or preservatives said to be characteristic of the NOVA food classification system's ultra-processed group. Most PBBs (90.1%) and 95% of almond milks met the NOVA criteria for ultra-processed foods, because they were created from food components and contained multiple substances not used in normal cooking. Replacing milk and dairy products with plant-based alternatives will necessarily involve the use of ultra-processed foods.
本研究探讨了在美国以“奶”为商品名销售的植物基饮料（PBB）的特点。首先，在美国农业部品牌食品数据库（BFPDB）中对产品名称和成分进行机器搜索，共得到 641 种非乳 PBB，包括杏仁、大豆、椰子、腰果、其他坚果、亚麻/大麻、豌豆和藜麦和大米“奶”。这些产品的能量密度不同，大多数 PBB 都含有添加盐（69%）和添加糖（53%）。营养密度指标[Nutri-Score、Choices 和营养丰富食品指数 7.3（NRF7.3）]的得分因杏仁和豌豆产品较高，而椰子 PBB 较低，椰子 PBB 含有饱和脂肪。进一步搜索成分清单，以寻找据称是 NOVA 食品分类系统超加工组特征的添加香料、稳定剂或防腐剂。大多数 PBB（90.1%）和 95%的杏仁奶符合 NOVA 超加工食品的标准，因为它们是由食品成分制成的，并且含有正常烹饪中不使用的多种物质。用植物基替代品替代牛奶和乳制品，必然会涉及到使用超加工食品。
