Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Agricultural Economics, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 8;18(14):7334. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18147334.
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) association between income and pollution emissions proxies has been extensively tested in the environmental literature. However, testing of the energy-EKC is scanty. This present research examined the energy-EKC in the cubic relationship of economic growth and different renewable and nonrenewable energy proxies in Egypt from 1965-2019. In the long run, we corroborate the N-shaped relationships in the case of primary energy, oil, and coal consumption models, and confirm the long run energy-EKC association in these energy proxies. Moreover, we find turning points of the N-curve for these energy sources in 1998, 2000, and 1979-2005, in primary energy, oil, and coal consumption models, respectively. Hence, economic growth is responsible for increasing nonrenewable energy consumption and has environmental consequences in Egypt. In the short run, we find N-shaped relationships in the case of primary energy, oil, and coal consumption. Further, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship in the case of natural gas consumption. In addition, we corroborate an inverted N-shaped relationship in the case of hydroelectricity consumption, a renewable energy source. Hence, we confirm the short-run energy-EKC relationship in all investigated renewable and nonrenewable energy proxies.
环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）将收入与污染排放代理之间的关系进行了广泛的检验。然而，能源 EKC 的检验却很少。本研究检验了 1965-2019 年埃及经济增长与不同可再生和不可再生能源代理的三次关系中的能源 EKC。从长期来看，我们在主要能源、石油和煤炭消费模型中证实了 N 型关系，并确认了这些能源代理中的长期能源 EKC 关系。此外，我们发现这些能源来源的 N 曲线转折点分别为 1998 年、2000 年和 1979-2005 年，在主要能源、石油和煤炭消费模型中。因此，经济增长导致了不可再生能源消费的增加，并对埃及产生了环境后果。在短期内，我们在主要能源、石油和煤炭消费的情况下发现了 N 型关系。此外，我们发现天然气消费的情况呈倒 U 型关系。此外，我们在水力发电消费的情况下证实了倒 N 型关系，水力发电是一种可再生能源。因此，我们确认了所有调查的可再生和不可再生能源代理中的短期能源 EKC 关系。
