Cui Yangyang, Zhai Xiaoman, Wang Baocheng, Zhang Shihao, Yeerken Amanzheli, Cao Xizi, Zhong Lianhong, Wang Liming, Wei Tong, Liu Xinyu, Xue Yifeng
National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China.
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China.
SN Appl Sci. 2021;3(8):754. doi: 10.1007/s42452-021-04738-7. Epub 2021 Jul 26.
The promulgation and implementation of the national and Beijing municipal standards for air pollutants emitted from crematoriums has effectively alleviated the problem of "black smoke" in crematoriums, but noticeable odor in crematoriums remains. We determined the level of odor emissions in crematoriums by monitoring the odor concentrations of cremators, incinerators, and cremation workshops in five crematoriums in Beijing. Subsequently, we analyzed the major contributing factors to the odor level and proposed control measures. A high odor concentration in crematoriums was observed; two different mechanisms were proposed to explain this finding. First, poor ventilation conditions in workshops and inadequate airtightness of equipment resulted in dimensionless concentrations of unorganized odor emissions in the workshops ranging from 97 to 732, with an average of 504, which is much higher than the standard level of 20. Second, the postprocessing facilities used in cremation sites produce poor odor removal, which, coupled with fuel usage and unregulated operations, led to high concentrations of organized odor emissions ranging from 231 to 1303 (910 on average) for cremators and incinerators. The odor emissions of cremators and incinerators meet the Integrated Emission Standards of Air Pollutants (DB11-501-2017), which are suitable for industries containing industrial kilns but not for crematoriums. The odor emissions in crematoriums are lower than those emitted from industries, such as fiber manufacturing and activated carbon processing. However, the unique geographical locations of crematoriums, high population density, and high exposure risk to local residents necessitate strengthening the management and control of odor emissions from crematoriums. To further address the problem of odor emissions from crematoriums in Beijing, further clarification and tightening of industry standards for the concentration limits of organized and unorganized odor emissions is recommended. Crematoriums will thus be prompted to increase odor control in workshops and adopt and improve deodorization facilities, including the installation and application of treatment facilities, such as adsorption and biological control.
国家和北京市火葬场空气污染物排放标准的颁布实施，有效缓解了火葬场“黑烟”问题，但火葬场明显的异味问题依然存在。我们通过监测北京五家火葬场的火化炉、焚烧炉及火化车间的臭气浓度，确定了火葬场的异味排放水平。随后，我们分析了异味水平的主要影响因素并提出了控制措施。观察到火葬场的臭气浓度较高，针对这一发现提出了两种不同的机制。首先，车间通风条件差和设备气密性不足导致车间无组织异味排放的无量纲浓度在97至732之间，平均为504，远高于20的标准水平。其次，火葬场使用的后处理设施除臭效果不佳，再加上燃料使用和操作不规范，导致火化炉和焚烧炉的有组织异味排放浓度较高，在231至1303之间（平均为910）。火化炉和焚烧炉的异味排放符合《大气污染物综合排放标准》（DB11 - 501 - 2017），该标准适用于含工业窑炉的行业，但不适用于火葬场。火葬场的异味排放低于纤维制造和活性炭加工等行业。然而，火葬场独特的地理位置、高人口密度以及当地居民的高暴露风险，使得有必要加强对火葬场异味排放的管理和控制。为进一步解决北京火葬场的异味排放问题，建议进一步明确和收紧有组织和无组织异味排放浓度限值的行业标准。这将促使火葬场加强车间异味控制，并采用和改进除臭设施，包括安装和应用吸附及生物控制等处理设施。
