Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
Pathog Glob Health. 2021 Sep;115(6):377-391. doi: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1906563. Epub 2021 Aug 2.
Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) is a human pathogen incriminated as a causative agent of hospital nosocomial infections as well as a wide range of diseases in communities. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence and distribution of MRSA and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) on different fomites in public facilities in northern Jordan and to determine their antibiograms, toxin genes profiles, as well as identify their genetic relatedness. A total of 2600 swabs were collected from 14 fomite surfaces in a variety of public facilities including hospitals, universities, schools, transportation sites, and market places. The identity of the 380 isolates was confirmed. Among them, 158 (41.6%) were MRSA while the rest of the isolates, 222 (58.4%) were MSSA. MRSA isolates were recovered from all fomites sites. However, among the total collected samples, the percentages of MRSA in public facilities were significantly higher in hospitals and transportation fomites, while percentages of MRSA among fomites sites were higher in public reception sites, chairs, and toilet seats. Antibiotic resistance profiles indicated that 24.5% of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, and oxytetracycline. In contrast, only 3.95% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 15.3% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Multidrug-resistant patterns were higher in MRSA than in MSSA isolates. There was no apparent difference in toxin gene profiles between MRSA and MSSA. Molecular analysis revealed 85 patterns and 16 clusters at a 9% mean similarity level. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the potential of MRSA transmission via inanimate surfaces.
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是一种人类病原体，被认为是医院院内感染以及社区内多种疾病的病原体。本研究旨在评估耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）在约旦北部公共设施不同污染物表面的发生和分布情况，并确定它们的抗生素耐药谱、毒素基因谱以及鉴定其遗传相关性。共采集了来自医院、大学、学校、交通场所和市场等各种公共设施的 14 种污染物表面的 2600 个拭子。对 380 株分离株的身份进行了确认。其中，158 株（41.6%）为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌，其余 222 株（58.4%）为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株从所有污染物表面都有回收。然而，在所采集的样本中，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌在医院和交通污染物中的公共设施中的比例明显更高，而在公共接待点、椅子和马桶座圈等污染物表面的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的比例更高。抗生素耐药谱表明，24.5%的分离株对头孢西丁、苯唑西林和氧四环素耐药。相比之下，只有 3.95%的分离株对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑耐药，15.3%的分离株对环丙沙星耐药。耐多药模式在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌中比在甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌中更高。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌的毒素基因谱没有明显差异。分子分析显示，在 9%的平均相似水平下，有 85 种模式和 16 个聚类。总之，本研究为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌通过无生命表面传播的潜力提供了证据。
