Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, United States.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
Acta Biomater. 2022 Feb;139:22-42. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.065. Epub 2021 Jul 31.
Carbon-based conductive and electroactive materials (e.g., derivatives of graphene, fullerenes, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline) have been studied since the 1970s for use in a broad range of applications. These materials have electrical properties comparable to those of commonly used metals, while providing other benefits such as flexibility in processing and modification with biologics (e.g., cells, biomolecules), to yield electroactive materials with biomimetic mechanical and chemical properties. In this review, we focus on the uses of these electroconductive materials in the context of the central and peripheral nervous system, specifically recent studies in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, eye, and ear. We also highlight in vivo studies and clinical trials, as well as a snapshot of emerging classes of electroconductive materials (e.g., biodegradable materials). We believe such specialized electrically conductive biomaterials will clinically impact the field of tissue regeneration in the foreseeable future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review addresses the use of conductive and electroactive materials for neural tissue regeneration, which is of significant interest to a broad readership, and of particular relevance to the growing community of scientists, engineers and clinicians in academia and industry who develop novel medical devices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The review covers the materials that may be employed (primarily focusing on derivatives of fullerenes, graphene and conjugated polymers) and techniques used to analyze materials composed thereof, followed by sections on the application of these materials to nervous tissues (i.e., peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, optical, and auditory tissues) throughout the body.
自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，人们一直在研究基于碳的导电和电活性材料（例如石墨烯、富勒烯、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺的衍生物），以将其应用于广泛的领域。这些材料具有与常用金属相当的电性能，同时还提供了其他优点，例如在生物（例如细胞、生物分子）上的处理和修饰方面的灵活性，从而产生具有仿生机械和化学性能的电活性材料。在本综述中，我们专注于这些导电材料在中枢和周围神经系统中的应用，特别是在周围神经、脊髓、大脑、眼睛和耳朵方面的最新研究。我们还重点介绍了体内研究和临床试验，以及新兴的导电材料类别（例如可生物降解材料）的快照。我们相信，在可预见的未来，这种特殊的电导电生物材料将对组织再生领域产生临床影响。
本综述探讨了导电和电活性材料在神经组织再生中的应用，这对于广大读者具有重要意义，对于在学术界和工业界中不断发展的新型医疗设备用于组织工程和再生医学的科学家、工程师和临床医生来说具有特别的相关性。综述涵盖了可能使用的材料（主要集中在富勒烯、石墨烯和共轭聚合物的衍生物上）以及用于分析由此组成的材料的技术，随后是这些材料在全身各个部位的神经组织（即周围神经、脊髓、大脑、光学和听觉组织）中的应用部分。
