Treatment of Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma With R-CEOP (Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, Vincristine, and Prednisone).

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It typically has an aggressive behavior with potential clinical emergencies including cardiac tamponade, thrombosis of major neck vessels, airway obstruction, and tumor lysis syndrome. In this case report, a 38-year-old Caucasian male presented with shortness of breath, a two-month history of 40-pound weight loss, and a left-sided chest wall mass. CT imaging showed a mediastinal mass, measuring 13 × 14.6 × 8.6 cm, with invasion and partial occlusion of the brachiocephalic veins and upper superior vena cava causing superior vena cava syndrome, and encasement of multiple coronary artery segments. CT-guided biopsy showed high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Cytology biomarkers were positive for CD20, CD45, and PAX5. A trans-thoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was obtained prior to chemotherapy initiation to establish a baseline for cardiac function, which showed an ejection fraction (EF) of 45-50%, right ventricle volume overload and dilation, and pulmonary hypertension. R-CEOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy regimen was initiated and a follow-up echocardiogram after three cycles, revealed a significant improvement in EF; the patient subsequently received three additional cycles of R-EPOCH. Current regimens in the United States utilize dose-adjusted R-EPOCH and R-CHOP, but they must be used cautiously in patients with compromised cardiac function, due to the cardiotoxic side effects of the chemotherapy agent, doxorubicin. This case illustrates that anthracycline-free regimens should be considered in patients with reduced cardiac function, with this case showing the utilization of an anthracycline-free regimen (R-CEOP) for the first three cycles, followed by a transition to R-EPOCH.