Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Nov 15;289:117831. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117831. Epub 2021 Jul 22.
Microbial-mediated Sb volatilization is a poorly understood part of the Sb biogeochemical cycle. This is mostly due to a lack of laboratory and field-deployable methods that are capable of quantifying low-level emissions of Sb from diffuse sources. In this study, we validated two methods using a HO -HNO liquid chemotrap and an activated coconut shell charcoal solid-phase trap, achieving an absolute limit of detection of 4.6 ng and below 2.0 ng Sb, respectively. The activated charcoal solid-phase trapping method, the most easily operated method, was then applied to contaminated shooting range soils. Four treatments were tested: 1) flooded, 2) manure amended + flooded, 3) 70 % water holding capacity, and 4) manure amendment +70 % water holding capacity, since agricultural practices and flooding events may contribute to Sb volatilization. Volatile Sb was only produced from flooded microcosms and manure amendment greatly influenced the onset and amount of volatile Sb produced. The highest amount of volatile Sb produced, up to 62.1 ng kg d, was from the flooded manure amended soil. This suggests that anaerobic microorganisms may potentially be drivers of Sb volatilization. Our results show that polluted shooting range soils are a source of volatile Sb under flooded conditions, which may lead to an increase in the mobility of Sb. Some of these volatile Sb species are toxic and genotoxic, highlighting the role of Sb volatilization on environmental health, especially for individuals living in contaminated areas exposed to wetlands or flooded conditions (e.g., rice paddy agriculture surrounding mining areas). This work paves way for research on Sb volatilization in the environment.
微生物介导的 Sb 挥发是 Sb 地球化学循环中一个了解甚少的部分。这主要是由于缺乏能够定量测量来自弥散源的 Sb 低水平排放的实验室和现场可部署方法。在这项研究中，我们使用 HO-HNO 液体化学阱和活化椰子壳活性炭固相阱验证了两种方法，分别实现了 4.6ng 以下和 2.0ng Sb 以下的绝对检测限。然后，最易于操作的活性炭固相捕集方法被应用于受污染的射击场土壤。测试了四种处理方法：1）水淹，2）粪肥+水淹，3）70%持水能力，和 4）粪肥+70%持水能力，因为农业实践和洪水事件可能会导致 Sb 挥发。只有水淹微宇宙才会产生挥发性 Sb，粪肥的添加极大地影响了挥发性 Sb 的产生起始和数量。从水淹的粪肥添加土壤中产生的挥发性 Sb 最多，高达 62.1ng kg d。这表明，厌氧微生物可能是 Sb 挥发的驱动因素。我们的结果表明，受污染的射击场土壤在水淹条件下是挥发性 Sb 的来源，这可能导致 Sb 的迁移性增加。这些挥发性 Sb 物种中的一些具有毒性和遗传毒性，突出了 Sb 挥发对环境健康的作用，特别是对于生活在受污染地区、暴露于湿地或水淹条件下的个人（例如，矿区周围的水稻种植区）。这项工作为 Sb 在环境中的挥发研究铺平了道路。
