Atkins (member of SNC Lavalin), 500 Park Avenue - The Hub, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4RZ, UK; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain.
inCTRL Solutions Inc., 7 Innovation Dr., Suite 107, Dundas, Ontario L9H 7H9, Canada.
Water Res. 2021 Sep 1;202:117459. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117459. Epub 2021 Jul 27.
Current practice to enhance resilience in Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRFs) is to ensure redundancy or back-up for most critical equipment (e.g. pumps or blowers). Model-based assessment allows evaluation of different strategies for quantitatively and efficiently enhancing resilience and justifying the allocation of resources. The goal of this study is to provide guidance for the development of tailored deterministic models of full-scale WRRFs. A framework for model-based resilience assessment is proposed that provides guidance on data collection, model selection, model calibration and scenario analysis. The framework is embedded into the Good Modeling Practice (GMP) Unified Protocol, providing a new application for resilience assessment and an initial set of stressors for WRRFs. The usefulness of the framework is illustrated through a resilience assessment of the WRRF of Girona against power outage. Results show that, for the Girona facility, limited energy back-up can cause non-compliance of WRRF discharge limits in the case of a blower power shut-down of 6 h, and around 12 h when the blower shut-down is also combined with a shut-down of the recirculation pumps. The best option to enhance resilience would be increasing the power back-up by 218%, which allows the plant to run with recirculation pumps and blowers at minimum capacity. In such a case, resilience can be further enhanced by manipulating the air supply valves to optimise the air distribution, to balance oxygen needs in each reactor with the overall system pressure. We conclude that, with industry consensus on what is considered an acceptable level of resilience, a framework for resilience assessment would be a useful tool to enhance the resilience of our current water infrastructure. Further research is needed to establish if the permit structure should accommodate levels sof functionality to account for stress events.
当前，增强水资源回收设施 (WRRF) 弹性的做法是确保大多数关键设备（如泵或鼓风机）具有冗余或备份。基于模型的评估可用于评估不同策略，以量化和有效地增强弹性，并为资源分配提供依据。本研究旨在为开发定制化全规模 WRRF 确定性模型提供指导。本文提出了一种基于模型的弹性评估框架，提供了数据收集、模型选择、模型校准和情景分析方面的指导。该框架被嵌入到良好建模实践 (GMP) 统一协议中，为 WRRF 的弹性评估提供了新的应用，并为其确定了一系列初始压力源。通过对赫罗纳 WRRF 遭遇停电时的弹性评估，说明了该框架的实用性。结果表明，对于赫罗纳设施，在鼓风机停电 6 小时的情况下，有限的能源备份可能导致 WRRF 排放限值超标；而当鼓风机停电同时与回流泵停电相结合时，WRRF 排放限值超标则可能持续约 12 小时。增强弹性的最佳选择是将电力备份增加 218%，这使工厂能够在回流泵和鼓风机以最小容量运行。在这种情况下，可以通过操纵空气供应阀来进一步提高弹性，以优化空气分配，平衡每个反应器的氧气需求与整个系统的压力。我们得出结论，一旦业界就可接受的弹性水平达成共识，弹性评估框架将成为增强我们现有水基础设施弹性的有用工具。还需要进一步研究，以确定许可结构是否应适应功能级别，以应对压力事件。
