Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
Division of Forest Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Zollikofen, CH-3052, Switzerland.
Ecol Appl. 2021 Dec;31(8):e02441. doi: 10.1002/eap.2441. Epub 2021 Oct 20.
Understanding how land-management intensification shapes the relationships between biodiversity, yield, and economic benefit is critical for managing natural resources. Yet, manipulative experiments that test how herbicides affect these relationships are scarce, particularly in forest ecosystems where considerable time lags exist between harvest revenue and initial investments. We assessed these relationships by combining 7 yr of biodiversity surveys (>800 taxa) and forecasts of timber yield and economic return from a replicated, large-scale experiment that manipulated herbicide application intensity in operational timber plantations. Herbicides reduced species richness across trophic groups (-18%), but responses by higher-level trophic groups were more variable (0-38% reduction) than plant responses (-40%). Financial discounting, a conventional economic method to standardize past and future cash flows, strongly modified biodiversity-revenue relationships caused by management intensity. Despite a projected 28% timber yield gain with herbicides, biodiversity-revenue trade-offs were muted when opportunity costs were high (i.e., economic discount rates ≥7%). Although herbicides can drive biodiversity-yield trade-offs, under certain conditions, financial discounting provides opportunities to reconcile biodiversity conservation with revenue.
了解土地管理强化如何塑造生物多样性、产量和经济效益之间的关系，对于管理自然资源至关重要。然而，测试除草剂如何影响这些关系的操纵实验却很少，特别是在森林生态系统中，从收获收入到初始投资之间存在相当长的时间滞后。我们通过结合一项大规模、重复的实验，该实验操纵了作业人工林的除草剂应用强度，对生物多样性调查（超过 800 个分类群）和木材产量及经济回报的预测进行了 7 年，评估了这些关系。除草剂减少了各营养级的物种丰富度（-18%），但与植物的反应（-40%）相比，较高营养级的反应更加多变（0-38%的减少）。金融贴现是一种传统的经济方法，用于标准化过去和未来的现金流，它强烈地改变了由管理强度引起的生物多样性-收入关系。尽管除草剂预计可使木材产量增加 28%，但当机会成本较高（即经济贴现率≥7%）时，生物多样性-收入的权衡关系就会减弱。虽然除草剂可以带来生物多样性-产量的权衡，但在某些条件下，金融贴现为协调生物多样性保护与收入提供了机会。
