USDA-ARS and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Mol Plant Pathol. 2021 Oct;22(10):1167-1179. doi: 10.1111/mpp.13113. Epub 2021 Aug 10.
In 1993, severe mosaic and necrosis symptoms were observed on corn (maize) and wheat from several Great Plains states of the USA. Based on the geographical location of infections, the disease was named High Plains disease and the causal agent was tentatively named High Plains virus. Subsequently, researchers renamed this virus as maize red stripe virus and wheat mosaic virus to represent the host and symptom phenotype of the virus. After sequencing the genome of the pathogen, the causal agent of High Plains disease was officially named as High Plains wheat mosaic virus. Hence, High Plains virus, maize red stripe virus, wheat mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) are synonyms for the causal agent of High Plains disease.
High Plains wheat mosaic virus is one of the 21 definitive species in the genus Emaravirus in the family Fimoviridae.
The genomic RNAs are encapsidated in thread-like nucleocapsids in double-membrane 80-200 nm spherical or ovoid virions.
The HPWMoV genome consists of eight single-stranded negative-sense RNA segments encoding a single open reading frame (ORF) in each genomic RNA segment. RNA 1 is 6,981-nucleotide (nt) long, coding for a 2,272 amino acid protein of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. RNA 2 is 2,211-nt long and codes for a 667 amino acid glycoprotein precursor. RNA 3 has two variants of 1,439- and 1,441-nt length that code for 286 and 289 amino acid nucleocapsid proteins, respectively. RNA 4 is 1,682-nt long, coding for a 364 amino acid protein. RNA 5 and RNA 6 are 1,715- and 1,752-nt long, respectively, and code for 478 and 492 amino acid proteins, respectively. RNA 7 and RNA 8 are 1,434- and 1,339-nt long, code for 305 and 176 amino acid proteins, respectively.
HPWMoV can infect wheat, corn (maize), barley, rye brome, oat, rye, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and foxtail barley. HPWMoV is transmitted by the wheat curl mite and through corn seed.
Genetic resistance against HPWMoV in wheat is not available, but most commercial corn hybrids are resistant while sweet corn varieties remain susceptible. Even though corn hybrids are resistant to virus, it still serves as a green bridge host that enables mites to carry the virus from corn to new crop wheat in the autumn. The main management strategy for High Plains disease in wheat relies on the management of green bridge hosts. Cultural practices such as avoiding early planting can be used to avoid mite buildup and virus infections.
1993 年，美国大平原各州的玉米（玉米）和小麦出现严重镶嵌和坏死症状。根据感染的地理位置，该疾病被命名为高平原病，病原体被暂时命名为高平原病毒。随后，研究人员将该病毒重新命名为玉米红条纹病毒和小麦花叶病毒，以代表病毒的宿主和症状表型。在对病原体基因组进行测序后，高平原病的病原体被正式命名为高平原小麦花叶病毒。因此，高平原病毒、玉米红条纹病毒、小麦花叶病毒和高平原小麦花叶病毒（HPWMoV）是高平原病病原体的同义词。
高平原小麦花叶病毒是丝状病毒科 fimoviridae 属中 21 个明确种之一。
基因组 RNA 包裹在双膜 80-200nm 球形或卵圆形病毒粒子中的线状核衣壳中。
HPWMoV 基因组由 8 个单链负义 RNA 片段组成，每个基因组 RNA 片段编码一个单一的开放阅读框（ORF）。RNA1 长 6981 个核苷酸（nt），编码 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶的 2272 个氨基酸蛋白。RNA2 长 2211nt，编码 667 个氨基酸糖蛋白前体。RNA3 有两种变体，长度为 1439- 和 1441-nt，分别编码 286 和 289 个氨基酸核衣壳蛋白。RNA4 长 1682nt，编码 364 个氨基酸蛋白。RNA5 和 RNA6 分别为 1715- 和 1752-nt，分别编码 478 和 492 个氨基酸蛋白。RNA7 和 RNA8 分别为 1434- 和 1339-nt，分别编码 305 和 176 个氨基酸蛋白。
HPWMoV 可感染小麦、玉米（玉米）、大麦、黑麦雀麦、燕麦、黑麦、绿色狐尾草、黄色狐尾草和狐尾草大麦。HPWMoV 通过小麦卷叶螨和玉米种子传播。
小麦中对 HPWMoV 的遗传抗性尚不可用，但大多数商业玉米杂交种具有抗性，而甜玉米品种仍易感病。尽管玉米杂种对病毒具有抗性，但它仍然是一种绿色桥梁宿主，使螨虫能够在秋季将病毒从玉米传播到新的作物小麦。高平原病在小麦中的主要管理策略依赖于绿色桥梁宿主的管理。可以使用避免早期种植等文化措施来避免螨虫的积累和病毒的感染。
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