School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.
Infant Ment Health J. 2021 Sep;42(5):636-654. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21937. Epub 2021 Aug 11.
Postpartum depression and low parental self-efficacy (PSE) are risk factors for poor child behavior. Little is known, however, about the course of dual trajectories of cooccurring depressive symptoms and PSE or its impact on children's socioemotional development. This study sought to identify trajectories of postpartum PSE and depressive symptoms in new, first-time mothers using growth mixture modeling. Results demonstrated a class of women with "low risk" (88.8%) who manifested low levels of depression and high levels of PSE during the postpartum period; a second group of women, labeled "early risk" (6.3%) with high levels of depression that decreased over time but lower levels of PSE that remained fairly stable; and a final trajectory group deemed the "late-risk" class (4.9%) with initially low levels of depression and high levels of PSE that significantly increased and decreased, respectively, over the period. Early childhood trauma, parenting stress, and poor parenting practices were associated membership in a high-risk class. Mothers in the high-risk groups reported children with more aggressive and defiant behavior at age 3. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for developing effective and sensitive interventions.
产后抑郁和低父母自我效能感（PSE）是儿童行为不良的风险因素。然而，对于同时出现的抑郁症状和 PSE 的双重轨迹的发展过程，及其对儿童社会情感发展的影响，人们知之甚少。本研究使用增长混合建模来确定新的初产妇产后 PSE 和抑郁症状的轨迹。结果表明，有一类“低风险”（88.8%）的女性在产后期间表现出低水平的抑郁和高水平的 PSE；第二类女性被标记为“早期风险”（6.3%），抑郁程度较高，但随着时间的推移逐渐下降，而 PSE 水平相对稳定；最后一类被认为是“晚期风险”（4.9%），其抑郁水平最初较低，而 PSE 水平则显著升高和降低。儿童早期创伤、育儿压力和不良育儿实践与高风险群体的成员资格有关。高风险组的母亲报告称，孩子在 3 岁时表现出更多的攻击和挑衅行为。最后，我们讨论了这些发现对制定有效和敏感干预措施的意义。
