绩效依赖型奖励会损害绩效:任务无关分心物处理的非单调注意负载调制。
Performance-dependent reward hurts performance: The non-monotonic attentional load modulation on task-irrelevant distractor processing.
机构信息
CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
出版信息
Psychophysiology. 2021 Dec;58(12):e13920. doi: 10.1111/psyp.13920. Epub 2021 Aug 12.
Selective attention is essential when we face sensory inputs with distractions. In the past decades, Lavie's load theory of selective attention delineates a complete picture of distractor suppression under different attentional control load. The present study was originally designed to explore how reward modulates the load effect of attentional selection. Unexpectedly, it revealed new findings under extended attentional load that was not involved in previous work. Participants were asked to complete a rewarded attentive visual tracking task while presented with irrelevant auditory oddball stimuli, with their behavioral performance, event-related potentials and pupillary responses recorded. We found that although the behavioral performance and pupil sizes varied unidirectionally with the attentional load, the processing of distractors as reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN) increased first and then decreased. In contrast to the prediction of Lavie's theory that attentional control fails to effectively suppress distractor processing under high attentional control load, our finding suggests that extremely high attentional control load may instead require suppression of distractor processing at a stage as early as possible. Besides, P3a, a positive-polarity response sometimes following the MMN, was not affected by the attentional load, but both N1 (a negative-polarity component peaking ~100 ms from sound onset) and P3a were weakened at higher reward, indicating that reward leads to attenuated early processing of distractor and thus suppresses the attentional orienting towards distractors. These findings altogether complement Lavie's load theory of selective attention, presenting a more complex picture of how attentional load and reward affects selective attention.
当我们面对有干扰的感觉输入时,选择性注意是必不可少的。在过去的几十年里,拉维的选择性注意负荷理论描绘了在不同注意力控制负荷下抑制分心物的完整图景。本研究最初旨在探讨奖励如何调节注意选择的负荷效应。出乎意料的是,它在以前的工作中没有涉及的扩展注意力负荷下揭示了新的发现。参与者被要求在呈现无关听觉奇数刺激的同时完成一个有奖注意视觉跟踪任务,记录他们的行为表现、事件相关电位和瞳孔反应。我们发现,尽管行为表现和瞳孔大小随注意力负荷单向变化,但作为失匹配负波(MMN)反映的分心物处理先增加后减少。与拉维理论的预测相反,即高注意力控制负荷下注意力控制无法有效抑制分心物处理,我们的发现表明,极高的注意力控制负荷可能反而需要在尽早的阶段抑制分心物处理。此外,MMN 之后有时出现的正极性反应 P3a 不受注意力负荷的影响,但 N1(声音起始后约 100 毫秒出现的负性成分)和 P3a 在更高的奖励下减弱,表明奖励导致分心物的早期处理减弱,从而抑制了对分心物的注意定向。这些发现共同补充了拉维的选择性注意负荷理论,呈现了注意力负荷和奖励如何影响选择性注意的更复杂图景。