HYPOTHESIS

Understanding the effect of cations on membrane fouling is crucial for the widespread application of the membrane technology. However, contradictory results have been reported based on different studies. Moreover, although the effect of the ionic strength has been studied extensively, limited information is available on the effect of the ion type on membrane fouling.

EXPERIMENTS

The physicochemical properties of the membrane and anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) were evaluated to calculate the APAM-membrane and APAM-APAM interfacial interaction energies under different conditions. Moreover, a series of microfiltration (MF) experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of the ionic conditions on the flux decline, pore blockage and cake layer resistances, and the flux recovery rate of APAM during the MF process.

FINDINGS

As the ionic strength increased, the rate of decrease in the normalized flux increased, the total and cake layer resistances increased significantly, the pore blockage resistance was affected slightly, and the recovery rates of the water flux after physical and chemical cleaning decreased gradually, which could be clearly explained using the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. Furthermore, compared with Na, Ca could effectively mitigate the membrane fouling at an identical ionic strength, which is attributed to the hydration forces of APAM-membrane and APAM-APAM.