A study of the shoulder and elbow joints of the donkey (Equus asinus) by gross anatomical dissection, radiography, computed tomography, and intra-articular injection.

Joint diseases often represent the major part of equine clinician's caseloads. The current study aimed to document the normal anatomy of the donkey shoulder and elbow joints using computed tomography, cadaver sections, and radiography. Seven adult donkeys were used in this study. The current study proved there were no pouches of the donkey shoulder joint. Communication between the joint capsule and bicipital bursa was observed only in two limbs of four used in the present work. The joint was without pericapsular ligaments. The glenohumeral ligament was identified by the thickening of the articular capsule cranially. The shoulder joint approach for intra-articular injection is located on the lateral aspect corresponding to the humerus greater tubercle. The elbow joint capsule is attached to the margins of the articular surfaces of the humerus, radius, and ulna bones. It was thick on the cranial surface of the joint but became thinner caudally. The joint capsule of the elbow joint formed a single pouch cranially and three pouches caudally. The joint had medial and lateral collateral ligaments. The current study recorded that the lateral collateral ligament of the donkey elbow joint was not divided as in the horse, only the medial collateral ligament was divided into two parts; the long cranial and short caudal part. Elbow joint approach for intra-articular injection was in the cranial pouch on the cranial border of the lateral collateral ligament. The data collected within this study will be useful as a normal reference for donkey practitioners.