Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM) USR CNRS 3579, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/Mer, France; Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, 66860 Perpignan, France.
Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Campus UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Oct 15;791:148324. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148324. Epub 2021 Jun 8.
Anthropogenic pollution coming from industrial processes, agricultural practices and consumer products, results in the release of toxic substances into rural and urban environments. Once released, these chemicals migrate through the atmosphere and water, and find their way into matrices such as sediments and groundwaters, thus making large areas potentially uninhabitable. Common pollutants, including heavy metal(loid)s, radionuclides, aliphatic hydrocarbons and halogenated organics, are known to adversely affect physiological systems in animal species. Pollution can be cleaned up using techniques such as coagulation, reverse osmosis, oxidation and biological methods, among others. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) extends the range of available technologies and offers particular benefits, not only by degrading, transforming and immobilizing contaminants, but also by reaching inaccessible areas and promoting biotic degradation. The development of NPs is understandably heralded as an environmentally beneficial technology; however, it is only now that the ecological risks associated with their use are being evaluated. This review presents recent developments in the use of engineered NPs for the in situ remediation of two paramount environmental matrices: soils and groundwaters. Emphasis will be placed on (i) the successful applications of nano-objects for environmental cleanup, (ii) the potential safety implications caused by the challenging requirements of [high reactivity toward pollutants] vs. [none reactivity toward biota], with a thorough view on their transport and evolution in the matrix, and (iii) the perspectives on scientific and regulatory challenges. To this end, the most promising nanomaterials will be considered, including nanoscale zerovalent iron, nano-oxides and carbonaceous materials. The purpose of the present review is to give an overview of the development of nanoremediators since they appeared in the 2000s, from their chemical modifications, mechanism of action and environmental behavior to an understanding of the problematics (technical limitations, economic constraints and institutional precautionary approaches) that will drive their future full-scale applications.
人为污染源自工业生产、农业实践和消费产品，导致有毒物质释放到农村和城市环境中。一旦释放，这些化学物质会通过大气和水迁移，并进入沉积物和地下水等基质中，从而使大面积的地区变得不适宜居住。重金属、放射性核素、脂肪族烃和卤代有机物等常见污染物已知会对动物物种的生理系统产生不利影响。可以使用混凝、反渗透、氧化和生物等技术来清理污染。纳米颗粒 (NPs) 的使用扩展了可用技术的范围，并提供了特殊的好处，不仅可以降解、转化和固定污染物，还可以到达难以到达的区域并促进生物降解。纳米颗粒的开发被认为是一种有利环保的技术；然而，直到现在，人们才开始评估其使用相关的生态风险。本综述介绍了用于原位修复两种主要环境基质（土壤和地下水）的工程纳米颗粒的最新应用进展。重点将放在：(i) 纳米物体在环境清理方面的成功应用，(ii) 由于 [对污染物的高反应性] 与 [对生物的无反应性] 之间的挑战性要求而可能产生的潜在安全影响，以及对它们在基质中的传输和演化的全面看法，以及 (iii) 对科学和监管挑战的看法。为此，将考虑最有前途的纳米材料，包括纳米零价铁、纳米氧化物和碳质材料。本综述的目的是概述自 21 世纪初出现以来纳米修复剂的发展情况，包括其化学修饰、作用机制和环境行为，以及对技术限制、经济制约和机构预防措施等问题的理解，这些问题将推动其未来的全面应用。
