Department of Pharmaceutical-Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(13):1862-1876. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1968788. Epub 2021 Aug 26.
Astaxanthin (AXT) is a natural xanthophyll with strong antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activities, widely used in the food, feed, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. So far, 95% of the AXT global market is produced by chemical synthesis, but growing customer preferences for natural products are currently changing the market for natural AXT, highlighting the production from microbially-based sources such as the yeast . The AXT production by has been studied for a long time at a laboratory scale, but its use in industrial-scale processes is still very scarce. The optimization of growing conditions as well as an effective integration of upstream-downstream operations into -based AXT processes has not yet been fully achieved. With this critical review, we scrutinized the main approaches for producing AXT using strains, highlighting the impact of using conventional and non-conventional procedures for the extraction of AXT from yeast cells. In addition, we also pinpointed research directions, for example, the use of low-cost residues to improve the economic and environmental sustainability of the bioprocess, the use of environmentally/friendly and low-energetic integrative operations for the extraction and purification of AXT, as well as the need of further human clinical trials using yeast-based AXT.
虾青素（AXT）是一种天然类胡萝卜素，具有很强的抗氧化、抗癌和抗菌活性，广泛应用于食品、饲料、制药和营养保健品行业。到目前为止，全球 95%的 AXT 市场是通过化学合成生产的，但消费者对天然产品的偏好日益增长，这正在改变天然 AXT 的市场，凸显了基于微生物的来源（如酵母）生产 AXT 的重要性。已经在实验室规模上对 的 AXT 生产进行了长期研究，但在工业规模工艺中的应用仍然非常稀缺。尚未完全实现生长条件的优化以及将上下游操作有效整合到基于 的 AXT 工艺中。通过这项批判性评论，我们仔细研究了使用 菌株生产 AXT 的主要方法，强调了使用常规和非常规程序从酵母细胞中提取 AXT 的影响。此外，我们还指出了研究方向，例如，使用低成本残渣来提高生物工艺的经济和环境可持续性，使用环保/低能耗的综合操作进行 AXT 的提取和纯化，以及使用基于酵母的 AXT 进行进一步人体临床试验的必要性。
