The critical role of learning from investigating and debriefing adverse events.

Debriefing after and learning from adverse surgical events is becoming an integral component of our clinical practices and hospital systems. Morbidity and mortality conferences have been the foundation for this process; however, the approach has evolved to be more constructive with root cause analyses and identification of action items to prevent future adverse events. Additional quality improvement resources include the voluntary National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) databases, which provide seeds for a systematic process of improving patient care. With large databases come not only a route for studying outcome expectedness but also an objective numeric source for development of risk scores to stratify patients and assist with shared decision making. There is also recognition of the collateral damage of adverse events, which, includes the second victims defined as the individuals other than the patient. After an adverse event the second victim can either thrive, just survive or drop-out, and institutional systems should be in place to care for this victim and prevent their travel down the road to burnout. As a contemporaneous topic, burnout impacts not only surgeon wellness but also negatively affects the clinical workforce, which includes nurses in addition to physicians. "To err is human" but to care is ethereal.