Cation (Ca and Mn) Partitioning Assays with Intact Chloroplasts.

Determination of the relative distribution of Ca and Mn is an important tool for analyzing mutants showing altered levels of calcium and/or manganese transporters in the chloroplast envelope or thylakoid membrane. The method described in this protocol allows quantitative analyses of the relative distribution of calcium and manganese ions between chloroplast stroma and thylakoids using the isotopes [Ca] and [Mn] as radioactive tracers. To avoid contaminations with non chloroplastidic membrane systems, the method is designed for isolating pure and intact chloroplasts of . Intact chloroplasts are isolated via Percoll gradient centrifugation. Chloroplasts are then allowed to take up [Ca] or [Mn] during a light incubation step. After incubation, chloroplasts are either kept intact or osmotically/mechanically treated to release thylakoids. The amount of incorporated [Ca] or [Mn] can be determined by liquid scintillation counting and the relative distribution calculated.