Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil.
Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
Nutrition. 2021 Nov-Dec;91-92:111427. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111427. Epub 2021 Jul 24.
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher risk of death than the general population, the main cause being cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nutrition plays a key role in the prevention and treatment of CVD and kidney diseases. Currently, new evidence reinforces the importance of specific foods and general dietary patterns rather than isolated nutrients for cardiovascular risk. In addition, dietary patterns and healthy eating habits seem extremely relevant in decreasing risk factors. Epidemiologic and clinical intervention studies have suggested that late-night dinner and skipping breakfast are associated with an increased risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and CVD. In CKD, despite important changes in nutritional counseling in recent decades, less attention has been paid to meal timing and frequency. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the evidence of meal timing and frequency in CKD development and prognosis, presented under three main topics: risk of developing CKD, importance of dietary habits, and implications of fasting.
患有慢性肾病（CKD）的患者的死亡率高于普通人群，主要原因是心血管疾病（CVD）。营养在 CVD 和肾脏疾病的预防和治疗中起着关键作用。目前，新的证据强调了特定食物和一般饮食模式而非孤立营养素对心血管风险的重要性。此外，饮食模式和健康的饮食习惯在降低风险因素方面似乎非常重要。流行病学和临床干预研究表明，晚餐过晚和不吃早餐与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和 CVD 风险增加有关。在 CKD 中，尽管近几十年来营养咨询有了重要的改变，但对进餐时间和频率的关注较少。因此，本次综述的目的是讨论餐时和频率在 CKD 发生和预后中的作用，主要从三个方面进行讨论：CKD 发病风险、饮食习惯的重要性和禁食的影响。
