Department of Economics, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, Michigan, USA.
Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Health Econ. 2021 Nov;30(11):2905-2920. doi: 10.1002/hec.4421. Epub 2021 Sep 1.
We provide new evidence on the effect of adolescent health behaviors/outcomes (obesity, depression, smoking, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) on schooling attainment using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We take two different approaches to deal with omitted variable bias and reverse causality. Our first approach attends to the issue of reverse causality by estimating the effect of health polygenic scores (PGSs) on schooling. Second, we estimate the effect of adolescent health using sibling fixed-effects models that control for unmeasured genetic and family factors shared by siblings. We use the PGSs as additional controls in the sibling fixed-effects models to reduce concerns about residual confounding from sibling-specific genetic differences. We find consistent evidence across both approaches that being genetically predisposed to smoking and smoking regularly in adolescence reduces schooling attainment. Estimates for depression are more imprecise, but also suggest that a high genetic risk of depression and adolescent depression reduce schooling attainment. We find mixed evidence for ADHD. Our estimates suggest that having a high genetic risk for ADHD reduces grades of schooling, but we do not find any statistically significant negative effects of ADHD. Finally, we find no consistent evidence for a detrimental effect of obesity on schooling attainment.
我们利用全国青少年健康纵向研究的数据，提供了青少年健康行为/结果（肥胖、抑郁、吸烟和注意缺陷多动障碍[ADHD]）对受教育程度影响的新证据。我们采用了两种不同的方法来解决遗漏变量偏差和反向因果关系问题。我们的第一种方法通过估计健康多基因评分（PGS）对受教育程度的影响来解决反向因果关系问题。其次，我们使用兄弟姐妹固定效应模型来估计青少年健康的影响，该模型控制了兄弟姐妹之间共同的未测量遗传和家庭因素。我们在兄弟姐妹固定效应模型中使用 PGS 作为额外的控制，以减少对兄弟姐妹特异性遗传差异引起的残余混杂的担忧。我们在两种方法中都得到了一致的证据，表明遗传易感性吸烟和青少年时期经常吸烟会降低受教育程度。对抑郁的估计则不太准确，但也表明遗传易感性抑郁和青少年抑郁会降低受教育程度。我们对 ADHD 的证据存在分歧。我们的估计表明，ADHD 的遗传风险较高会降低学业成绩，但我们没有发现 ADHD 有任何统计学上的负面影响。最后，我们没有发现肥胖对受教育程度有不利影响的一致证据。
