Practical monitoring technologies for cells and substrates in biomanufacturing.

Precise control over bioreactor operation is desired for optimal productivity and product quality, and there is an increased drive to automation in biomanufacturing. All of these goals require sensors, not only of the basic parameters of temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, but of the biomass and substrate concentrations, which directly determine the outcome of the bioprocess. While there are many innovative sensing concepts for biomass and substrate concentrations, this review focuses on sensors that are in-line with the bioreactor, providing data continuously without the removal of sample from the system. The discussion emphasizes the requirements of industry for these sensors, including performance, ease of use, and cost. As the bioeconomy grows, advances in sensing technologies will be needed to achieve the automation of the future for a wider array of bioreactors.