Ricochet of AK bullets (7,62 × 39 mm) on concrete and cement surfaces; a forensic-based study.

The ricochet behaviour of AK bullets (7,62 x 39 mm) on two different concrete samples (rough and a cement-skimmed intermediate) and one cement sample were explored in this study. The estimated critical angles for these surfaces were shown to be 10.8° and 11.1° for the rough and intermediate concrete surfaces and 13.2° for the cement surfaces. In all occasions, fragmentation of the bullets was observed upon reaching critical angles. The results from the concrete surfaces highlighted the sensitivity of AK bullet ricochet angles from concrete surfaces with a different surface roughness and composition. Almost all resulting ricochet angles for the more frangible cement surfaces were observed to be much higher than currently reported literature would suggest. Consistent bullet wipe markings were observed on most samples, acting as a strong indicator for the directionality of the projectile during ricochet. Interestingly for the cement surface, a clear relationship was reported between the angle of incidence and the depth of the crater produced. Ultimately, this study highlights the potential uncertainties and possible errors that could occur in bullet trajectory determination from ricochet marks for this bullet and target combination if theoretic interpretations alone are used. There is no substitute for bullet and surfacespecific practical trials if the most accurate shooting scene reconstructions are to be carried out.