New insights into ball milling effects on MgAl-LDHs exfoliation on biochar support: A case study for cadmium adsorption.

Ball milling (BM) as a solvent-free technology has been widely used to tailor the biochar-based adsorbents with high porosity and well dispersion for enhancing their environmental applications. In this study, the ball-milled layered double hydroxides (LDHs) biochar composite (B-LDHs-BC) was successfully fabricated with BM method for Cd(II) adsorption and the BM effects on the LDHs-BC structure-performance relationships were investigated. The solid-state characterization demonstrated the LDHs were successfully exfoliated by BM on the B-LDHs-BC surface which was identified by the enlarged basal spacing and reduced crystallite size of the LDHs. Although the BET surface area of B-LDHs-BC (226 m/g) was slightly lower than the ball-milled BC, the B-LDHs-BC had more O-containing functional groups and higher adsorption capacity (119 mg/g). The kinetics experiments indicated that the Cd(II) removal by B-LDHs-BC was through both the physical and chemical adsorption processes, and the liquid membrane diffusion was the rate-controlling step. The positive BM effects mainly induced more abundant acidic functional groups and active adsorption sites, and thus enhanced Cd(II) performance of B-LDHs-BC. This work demonstrated a facile solvent-free method for production of the exfoliated LDHs modified BC composite, and also well illustrated the BM effects which can extend their practical use in environment.