Pinderfields General Hospital, Wakefield, England, United Kingdom.
Pinderfields General Hospital, Wakefield, England, United Kingdom.
Burns. 2022 Jun;48(4):846-859. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.07.023. Epub 2021 Aug 12.
BACKGROUND: Much of the recent literature on bromelain based enzymatic debridement of burn injury has focused on its use in smaller burn injury and specialist areas such as the hands or genitals (Krieger et al., 2012; Schulz et al., 2017a,b,c,d). This is despite the original papers describing its use in larger burn injury (Rosenberg et al., 2004, 2014). The current EMA license for Nexobrid™ advises that it should not be used for burn injuries of more than 15% TBSA and should be used with caution in patients with pulmonary burn trauma and suspected pulmonary burn trauma. The original safety and efficacy trial of NexoBrid™ limited its use to 15% TBSA aliquots with concern regarding the effect of bromelain on coagulation. In a European consensus paper of experienced burns clinicians, now on its second iteration, 100% of respondents agreed that "up to 30% BSA can be treated by enzymatic debridement based on individual decision" (Hirche et al., 2017). Hofmaenner et al.'s recent study on the safety of enzymatic debridement in extensive burns larger than 15% provides some further evidence that "bromelain based enzymatic debridement can be carried out safely in large-area burns" (Hofmaenner et al., 2020) but the literature is scant in these larger debridement areas. In our centre we have been using enzymatic debridement for resuscitation level burn injury since 2016. We have gained significant learning in this time; this article aims to describe our current protocol for enzymatic debridement in this patient population and highlight specific learning points that might aid other centres in using enzymatic debridement for larger burn injury. METHOD: We performed a search of the IBID database to identify all adult patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria of resuscitation level burn injury (defined as total burn surface area (TBSA) ≥15% in patients aged >16 years), or level 3 admission following burn injury and who underwent Enzymatic Debridement. A case note review was completed, and details comprising patient demographics, TBSA, mechanism of burn, presence of inhalation injury, sequencing of debridement, length of ICU and hospital stay, blood product utilisation and the need for autografting were recorded. No ethical approval has been sought for this retrospective review. RESULTS: We identified 29 patients satisfying the inclusion criteria (Table 1). Between June 2016 and June 2020 the average total burn size of patients who had at least some of their burn treated by enzymatic debridement increased from 21.4% in 2016/17 to 34.7% in 2019/20. In these patients the actual area treated by enzymatic debridement also increased from 11.9% TBSA to 20.3% TBSA. 19 patients (66%) had enzymatic debridement performed within 24 h of injury, a further 2 patients (7%) within 48 h after injury. Patients were more likely to have enzymatic debridement commenced in the first 24 h after injury if they had circumferential limb injury (39% vs 9%) or were planned for enzyme only debridement (78% vs 28%). Those who were planned for combination enzyme and surgical debridement were more likely to have enzymatic debridement commenced after the first 48 h (75%). We have performed enzymatic debridement overnight on one occasion, for a patient who presented with circumferential limb injury and was determined to undergo urgent debridement. CONCLUSION: Much of the literature has described the use of enzymatic debridement in smaller burns, and specialist areas. However, it is our opinion that the advantages of enzymatic debridement appear to be greater in larger burns with a facility for whole burn excision on the day of admission in the ICU cubicle. We have demonstrated significantly reduced blood loss, improved dermal preservation, reduced need for autografting, and a reduction in the number of trips to theatre. We would advocate that both the team and the patient need to be as prepared as they would be for a traditional surgical excision. The early part of our learning curve for enzymatic debridement in resuscitation level injuries was steep, and we were able to build on experience from managing smaller injuries. We recommend any team wishing to using enzymatic debridement gain experience in the same way and develop robust local pathways prior to attempting use in larger burn injuries.
背景:最近关于基于菠萝蛋白酶的酶清创术在烧伤治疗中的应用的文献主要集中在较小烧伤和手部或生殖器等专业领域(Krieger 等人,2012 年;Schulz 等人,2017a,b,c,d)。尽管最初的论文描述了其在较大烧伤中的应用(Rosenberg 等人,2004 年,2014 年)。目前 Nexobrid ™ 的 EMA 许可证建议,不应将其用于超过 15%TBSA 的烧伤损伤,并且在有肺部烧伤创伤和疑似肺部烧伤创伤的患者中应谨慎使用。NexoBrid ™ 的原始安全性和疗效试验将其使用限制在 15%TBSA 等分份,这是由于对菠萝蛋白酶对凝血的影响的关注。在经验丰富的烧伤临床医生的欧洲共识文件中,现在已经进行了第二次迭代,100%的受访者同意“根据个人决定,高达 30%BSA 可以通过酶清创治疗”(Hirche 等人,2017 年)。Hofmaenner 等人最近关于大面积烧伤中酶清创术安全性的研究提供了一些进一步的证据,表明“基于菠萝蛋白酶的酶清创术可以在大面积烧伤中安全进行”(Hofmaenner 等人,2020 年),但在这些较大的清创区域文献很少。在我们中心,自 2016 年以来,我们一直在使用酶清创术进行复苏水平的烧伤治疗。在此期间,我们获得了大量的学习经验;本文旨在描述我们在该患者群体中使用酶清创术的当前方案,并强调可能有助于其他中心在较大烧伤中使用酶清创术的具体学习要点。 方法:我们在 IBID 数据库中进行了搜索,以确定符合复苏水平烧伤(定义为 16 岁以上患者的总烧伤表面积(TBSA)≥15%)或烧伤后 3 级入院并接受酶清创术的所有成年患者的纳入标准。完成了病历回顾,记录了患者人口统计学特征、TBSA、烧伤机制、吸入性损伤的存在、清创的顺序、ICU 和住院时间、血液制品的使用以及自体移植的需求。本回顾性研究未寻求伦理批准。 结果:我们确定了 29 名符合纳入标准的患者(表 1)。2016 年 6 月至 2020 年 6 月期间,接受至少部分烧伤治疗的患者的平均总烧伤面积从 2016/17 年的 21.4%增加到 2019/20 年的 34.7%。在这些患者中,实际接受酶清创术的面积也从 TBSA 的 11.9%增加到 20.3%。19 名(66%)患者在受伤后 24 小时内进行了酶清创术,另有 2 名(7%)患者在受伤后 48 小时内进行了酶清创术。如果患者有四肢环周损伤(39%比 9%)或计划仅进行酶清创术(78%比 28%),则更有可能在受伤后 24 小时内开始酶清创术。那些计划进行酶和手术联合清创术的患者更有可能在 48 小时后开始酶清创术(75%)。我们曾经在一次情况下进行了过夜的酶清创术,当时一名患者有四肢环周损伤,被确定需要紧急清创术。 结论:大部分文献描述了在较小烧伤和专业领域中使用酶清创术。然而,我们认为,在有条件在 ICU 单间内对整个烧伤进行切除的情况下,酶清创术在较大烧伤中的优势似乎更大。我们已经证明了明显减少了失血量、改善了真皮保存、减少了自体移植的需求,并减少了手术次数。我们主张,团队和患者都应该像对待传统手术切除一样做好充分准备。在我们复苏水平烧伤中使用酶清创术的学习曲线的早期阶段非常陡峭,我们从管理较小的伤口中获得了经验。我们建议任何希望使用酶清创术的团队都要以同样的方式获得经验,并在尝试用于较大烧伤之前建立稳健的本地途径。
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