Monson Ebony A, Helbig Karla J
School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne.
Cell Stress. 2021 Aug 25;5(9):143-145. doi: 10.15698/cst2021.09.256. eCollection 2021 Sep.
When a host cell is infected by a virus, it activates the innate immune response, setting off a cascade of signalling events leading to the production of an antiviral response. This immune response is typically robust and in general works well to clear viral infections, however, viruses have evolved evasion strategies to combat this, and therefore, a better understanding of how this response works in more detail is needed for the development of novel and effective therapeutics. Lipid droplets (LDs) are intracellular organelles and have historically been thought of simply as cellular energy sources, however, have more recently been recognised as critical organelles in signalling events. Importantly, many viruses are known to take over host cellular production of LDs, and it has traditionally been assumed the sole purpose of this is to supply energy for viral life cycle events. However, our recent work positions LDs as important organelles during the first few hours of an antiviral response, showing that they underpin the production of important antiviral cytokines following viral infection. Following infection of cells with either RNA viruses (Zika, Dengue, Influenza A) or a DNA (Herpes Simplex Virus-1) virus, LDs were rapidly upregulated, and this response was also replicated following stimulation with viral mimic agonists. This upregulation of LDs following infection was transient, and interestingly, did not follow the well described homeostatic mechanism of LD upregulation, instead being controlled by EGFR. The cell's ability to mount an effective immune response was greatly diminished when inhibiting EGFR, thus inhibiting LD upregulation during infection, also leading to an increase in viral replication. In this microreview, we extrapolate our recent findings and discuss LDs as an important organelle in the innate immune response.
当宿主细胞被病毒感染时,它会激活先天免疫反应,引发一系列信号事件,导致产生抗病毒反应。这种免疫反应通常很强劲,总体上能有效清除病毒感染。然而,病毒已经进化出逃避策略来对抗这种反应,因此,为了开发新的有效治疗方法,需要更详细地了解这种反应的工作机制。脂滴(LDs)是细胞内的细胞器,历史上一直被简单地认为只是细胞的能量来源,但最近已被确认为信号事件中的关键细胞器。重要的是,已知许多病毒会接管宿主细胞对脂滴的产生,传统上认为其唯一目的是为病毒生命周期事件提供能量。然而,我们最近的研究表明脂滴在抗病毒反应的最初几个小时是重要的细胞器,显示它们在病毒感染后支持重要抗病毒细胞因子的产生。在用RNA病毒(寨卡病毒、登革热病毒、甲型流感病毒)或DNA病毒(单纯疱疹病毒1型)感染细胞后,脂滴迅速上调,在用病毒模拟激动剂刺激后也会出现这种反应。感染后脂滴的这种上调是短暂的,有趣的是,它并不遵循脂滴上调所描述的稳态机制,而是由表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)控制。抑制EGFR时,细胞产生有效免疫反应的能力会大大降低,从而抑制感染期间脂滴的上调,也导致病毒复制增加。在这篇微型综述中,我们推断了我们最近的发现,并讨论了脂滴作为先天免疫反应中的重要细胞器。